Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) represent a breakthrough in photovoltaic technology, combining high power conversion efficiencies (PCEs), ease of fabrication, and tunable optoelectronic properties. However, their commercial viability is limited by critical issues such as charge carrier recombination, interfacial defects, instability under environmental stress, and toxicity of lead-based components. This review systematically examines recent advancements in charge carrier management strategies aimed at overcoming these limitations. Initially, fundamental mechanisms governing carrier generation, separation, transport, and recombination are outlined to provide a clear foundation. The study then delves into an in-depth analysis of carrier lifetime and mobility, evaluating recent methodologies for their enhancement through compositional engineering and structural optimization. Subsequently, trap state passivation techniques and interface engineering approaches are reviewed, with a particular focus on their impact on device stability and efficiency. The review also discusses long-term stability strategies and emerging trends in lead-free and scalable PSC technologies. In this work, recent strategies for charge carrier management are systematically categorized, comparative analyses are provided and synergistic solutions with high potential for real-world implementation are highlighted. By synthesizing data and perspectives from over thirty recent studies, this article offers a comprehensive roadmap for researchers seeking to optimize PSC performance and accelerate their transition toward commercial application.

The work carried out first-principles calculations within the framework of density functional theory to study the structural stability of the CsSnI3 compound and the influence of phase transitions on their electronic and optical properties. Using the GGA and SCAN functionals, the relaxed structures of the CsSnI3 phases were obtained and their geometric characteristics were assessed. Using the Phonopy code based on VASP, calculations of phonon and thermodynamic properties were performed, and the temperatures of phase transitions of CsSnI3 were determined. Electronic properties and Fermi level shifts as a result of phase transformations of CsSnI3 were assessed using the HSE06 functional and machine learning prediction. The values of the complex dielectric constant and the refractive index of all phases of the CsSnI3 were determined.