In this article we consider the generalized integral operators acting on the Hilbert space $H^2$. We characterize when these operators are uniform, strong and weakly asymptotic Toeplitz and Hankel operators. Moreover we completely describe the symbols $g$ for which these operators are essentially Hankel and essentially Toeplitz.

We characterize the function $\varphi$ of minimal $L^1$ norm among all functions $f$ of exponential type at most $\pi$ for which $f(0)=1$. This function, studied by H\"{o}rmander and Bernhardsson in 1993, has only real zeros $\pm \tau_n$, $n=1,2, \ldots$. Starting from the fact that $n+\frac12-\tau_n$ is an $\ell^2$ sequence, established in an earlier paper of ours, we identify $\varphi$ in the following way. We factor $\varphi(z)$ as $\Phi(z)\Phi(-z)$, where $\Phi(z)= \prod_{n=1}^\infty(1+(-1)^n\frac{z}{\tau_n})$and show that$\Phi$ satisfies a certain second order linear differential equation along with a functional equation either of which characterizes $\Phi$. We use these facts to establish an odd power series expansion of $n+\frac12-\tau_n$ in terms of $(n+\frac12)^{-1}$ and a power series expansion of the Fourier transform of $\varphi$, as suggested by the numerical work of H\"{o}rmander and Bernhardsson. The dual characterization of $\Phi$ arises from a commutation relation that holds more generally for a two-parameter family of differential operators, a fact that is used to perform high precision numerical computations.

Let $G = N \rtimes A$, where $N$ is a stratified Lie group and $A= \mathbb R_+$ acts on $N$ via automorphic dilations. We prove that the group $G$ has the Calderón-Zygmund property, in the sense of Hebisch and Steger, with respect to a family of flow measures and metrics. This generalizes in various directions previous works by Hebisch and Steger and Martini, Ottazzi and Vallarino, and provides a new approach in the development of Calderón-Zygmund theory in Lie groups of exponential growth. We also prove a weak type $(1,1)$ estimate for the Hardy-Littlewood maximal operator naturally arising in this setting.