Inspired by a recent work of D. Wei--S. Zhu on the extension of closed complex differential forms and Voisin's usage of the
∂∂ˉ-lemma, we obtain several new theorems of deformation invariance of Hodge numbers and reprove the local stabilities of
p-Kähler structures with the
∂∂ˉ-property. Our approach is more concerned with the
d-closed extension by means of the exponential operator
eιφ.
Furthermore, we prove the local stabilities of transversely
p-Kähler structures with mild
∂∂ˉ-property by adapting the power series method to the foliated case, which strengthens the works of A. El Kacimi Alaoui--B. Gmira and P. Raźny on that of the transversely Kähler foliations with homologically orientability. We observe that a transversely Kähler foliation, even without homologically orientability, also satisfies the
∂∂ˉ-property. So even when
p=1 (transversely Kähler), our results are new as we can drop the assumption in question on the initial foliation. Several theorems on the deformation invariance of basic Hodge/Bott--Chern numbers with mild
∂∂ˉ-properties are also presented.