O.V. Lounasmaa Laboratory
We formulate the general approach based on the Lindblad equation to calculate the full counting statistics of work and heat produced by driven quantum systems weakly coupled with a Markovian thermal bath. The approach can be applied to a wide class of dissipative quantum systems driven by an arbitrary force protocol. We show the validity of general fluctuation relations and consider several generic examples. The possibilities of using calorimetric measurements to test the presence of coherence and entanglement in the open quantum systems are discussed.
Higgs bosons - the amplitude modes - have been experimentally investigated in condensed matter for many years. An example is superfluid 3^3He-B, where the broken symmetry leads to 4 Goldstone modes and at least 14 Higgs modes, which are characterized by angular momentum quantum number JJ and parity. Based on the relation EJ+2+EJ2=4Δ2E_{J+}^2+E_{J-}^2=4\Delta^2 for the energy spectrum of these modes, Yoichiro Nambu proposed the general sum rule, which relates masses of Higgs bosons and masses of fermions. If this rule is applicable to Standard Model, one may expect that the observed Higgs boson with mass MH1=125M_{{\rm H}1}=125 GeV has a Nambu partner -- the second Higgs boson with mass MH2=325M_{{\rm H}2}=325 GeV. Together they satisfy the Nambu relation MH12+MH22=4Mtop2M_{{\rm H}1}^2 + M_{{\rm H}2}^2 = 4 M_{\rm top}^2, where MtopM_{\rm top} is the top quark mass. Also the properties of the Higgs modes in superfluid 3^3He-A, where the symmetry breaking is similar to that of the Standard Model, suggest the possible existence of two electrically charged Higgs particles with masses MH+=MH245M_{{\rm H}+}=M_{{\rm H}-}\sim 245 GeV, which together obey the Nambu rule MH+2+MH2=4Mtop2M_{{\rm H}+}^2 + M_{{\rm H}-}^2 = 4 M_{\rm top}^2. A certain excess of events at 325 GeV and at 245 GeV has been reported in 2011, though not confirmed in 2012 experiments. Besides, we consider the particular relativistic model of top - quark condensation that suggests the possibility that two twice degenerated Higgs bosons contribute to the Nambu sum rule. This gives the mass around 210 GeV for the Nambu partner of the 125 GeV Higgs boson. We also discuss the other possible lessons from the condensed matter to Standard Model, such as hidden symmetry, where light Higgs emerges as quasi Nambu-Goldstone mode, and the role of broken time reversal symmetry.
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