The criteria for a baric algebra $A$ (over a field $K$) to have a unique weight homomorphism are found. One of them requires a certain system of equations to have a unique non-trivial solution in the field $K$. Applying this criterion, we provide an example showing that Holgate's well-known sufficient condition for the uniqueness of a weight homomorphism is not necessary, and give also a new example of a baric algebra with two weight homomorphisms. Another criterion found in this paper asserts that a baric algebra has a unique weight homomorphism if and only if the transition matrix from any semi-natural basis $B_1$ to any semi-natural basis $B_2$ is stochastic.

We establish a set of relations between several quite diverse types of weighted inequalities involving various integral operators and fairly general quasinorm-like functionals which we call sub-monotone. The main result enables one to solve a specific problem by transferring it to another one for which a solution is known. The main result is formulated in a rather surprising generality, involving previously unknown cases, and it works even for some nonlinear operators such as the geometric or harmonic mean operators. Proofs use only elementary means.

Motivated by the loop space cohomology we construct the secondary operations on the cohomology $H^*(X; \mathbb{Z}_p)$ to be a Hopf algebra for a simply connected space $X.$ The loop space cohomology ring $H^*(\Omega X; \mathbb{Z}_p)$ is calculated in terms of generators and relations. This answers to A. Borel's decomposition of a Hopf algebra into a tensor product of the monogenic ones in which the heights of generators are determined by means of the action of the primary and secondary cohomology operations on $H^*(X;\mathbb{Z}_p).$ An application for calculating of the loop space cohomology of the exceptional group $F_4$ is given.

For any additive functor from modules (or, more generally, from an abelian category with enough projectives or injectives), we construct long sequences tying up together the derived functors, the satellites, and the stabilizations of the functor. For half-exact functors, the obtained sequences are exact. For general functors, nontrivial homology may only appear at the derived functors. Specializing to the familiar Hom and tensor product functors on finitely presented modules, we recover the classical formulas of Auslander. Unlike those formulas, our results hold for arbitrary rings and arbitrary modules, finite or infinite. The same formalism leads to universal coefficient theorems for homology and cohomology of arbitrary complexes. The new results are even more explicit for the cohomology of projective complexes and the homology of flat complexes.

The main objective of this paper is to provide a comprehensive demonstration of recent results regarding the structures of the weighted Ces\`aro and Copson function spaces. These spaces' definitions involve local and global weighted Lebesgue norms; in other words, the norms of these spaces are generated by positive sublinear operators and by weighted Lebesgue norms. The weighted Lebesgue spaces are the special cases of these spaces with a specific set of parameters. Our primary method of investigating these spaces will be the so-called discretization technique. Our technique will be the development of the approach initiated by K.G. Grosse-Erdmann, which allows us to obtain the characterization in previously unavailable situations, thereby addressing decades-old open problems. We investigate the relation (embeddings) between weighted Ces\`aro and Copson function spaces. The characterization of these embeddings can be used to tackle the problems of characterizing pointwise multipliers between weighted Ces\`aro and Copson function spaces, the characterizations of the associate spaces of Ces\`aro (Copson) function spaces, as well as the relations between local Morrey-type spaces.

We explore the boundedness of the Hardy-Littlewood maximal operator $M$ on variable exponent spaces. Our findings demonstrate that the Muckenhoupt condition, in conjunction with Nekvinda's decay condition, implies the boundedness of $M$ even for unbounded exponents. This extends the results of Lerner, Cruz-Uribe and Fiorenza for bounded exponents. We also introduce a novel argument that allows approximate unbounded exponents by bounded ones while preserving the Muckenhoupt and Nekvinda conditions.

Morita theory for quantales is developed. The main result of the paper is a characterization of those quantaloids (categories enriched in the symmetric monoidal closed category of sup-lattices) that are equivalent to modular categories over quantales. Based on this characterization, necessary and sufficient conditions are derived for two quantales to be Morita-equivalent, i. e. have equivalent module categories. As an application, it is shown that the category of internal sup-lattices in a Grothendieck topos is equivalent to the module category over a suitable chosen ordinary quantale.

Effective codescent morphisms of $n$-quasigroups and of $n$-loops are characterized. To this end, it is proved that, for any $n\geq 1$, every codescent morphism of $n$-quasigroups (resp. $n$-loops) is effective. This statement generalizes our earlier results on qusigroups and loops. Moreover, it is shown that the elements of the amalgamated free products of $n$-quasigroups (resp. $n$-loops) have unique normal forms, and that the varieties of $n$-quasigroups and $n$-loops satisfy the strong amalgamation property. The latter two statements generalize the corresponding old results on quasigroups and loops by Evans.

For a compact group G, we give a sufficient condition for embedding one G-equivariant vector bundle into another one and for a stable isomorphism between two such bundles to imply an isomorphism. Our criteria involve multiplicities of irreducible representations of stabiliser groups. We also apply our result to ordinary nonequivariant vector bundles over the fields of quaternions, real and complex numbers and to ``real'' and ``quaternionic'' vector bundles. Our results apply to the classification of symmetry-protected topological phases of matter, providing computable bounds on the number of energy bands required to distinguish robust from fragile topological phases.