Researchers developed the Sample Set Aggregator (SSA), a compact language model designed to synthesize multiple candidate solutions generated by a larger base LLM into a single, refined answer. This approach improves over naive majority voting by 8% pass@5 on the MATH dataset, demonstrating robust performance across various mathematical reasoning benchmarks while maintaining computational efficiency comparable to much larger models.
The phenomenon of changing-look (CL) behavior in active galactic nuclei (AGN) is characterized by dramatic changes in luminosity and/or emission line profiles over relatively short periods, ranging from months to years. The origin of CL-AGNs remains a mystery, but one proposed explanation involves the response of the inner AGN disk to tidal disruption events (TDEs) around the supermassive black hole (SMBH). In this Letter, we calculate the predicted frequency of AGN TDEs as a function of SMBH mass and compare the results to the observed CL-AGN distribution. We find that if the fraction of CL-AGNs caused by AGN-TDEs is high, then: (1) most SMBHs in CL-AGN are near maximal spin, with the dimensionless spin parameter a>0.9a>0.9; (2) AGN inner disks have a high surface density (107gcm2\geq 10^{7}\, {\rm g\, cm^{-2}}); (3) typical AGN lifetimes are 10\sim 10-100100 Myr; and (4) a nuclear star cluster initial mass function (IMF) that scales as m1.6\sim m_*^{-1.6} is preferred. Future observations of CL-AGN will help constrain the fraction of CL-AGNs caused by AGN-TDEs, SMBH spins, AGN lifetimes, and the nuclear star cluster IMF.
Binary black holes (BBH) are expected to form and merge in active galactic nuclei (AGN), deep in the potential well of a supermassive black hole (SMBH), from populations that exist in a nuclear star cluster (NSC). Here we investigate the gravitational wave (GW) signature of a BBH lensed by a nearby SMBH. For a fiducial GW150914-like BBH orbiting close to a 108M10^{8}M_{\odot} SMBH located at z=0.1z=0.1, the lensed GW signal varies in a predictable manner in and out of the LISA detectability band and across frequencies. The occurrence of such signatures has the potential to confound LISA global fit models if they are not modelled. Detection of these sources provide an independent measure of AGN inclination angles, along with detecting warping of the inner disk, and measuring the SMBH spin.
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