We study evaluation modules for quantum symmetric pair coideal subalgebras of affine type $\mathsf{AI}$. By computing the action of the generators in Lu and Wang's Drinfeld-type presentation on Gelfand-Tsetlin bases, we determine the spectrum of a large commutative subalgebra arising from the Lu-Wang presentation. This leads to an explicit formula for boundary analogues of $q$-characters in the setting of quantum affine symmetric pairs. We interpret this formula combinatorially in terms of semistandard Young tableaux. Our results imply that boundary $q$-characters share familiar features with ordinary $q$-characters - such as a version of the highest weight property - yet they also display new phenomena, including an extra symmetry. In particular, we provide the first examples of boundary $q$-characters for quantum affine symmetric pairs that do not arise from restriction of ordinary $q$-characters, thereby revealing genuinely new structures in this new setting.

We define and construct a conformally invariant energy for closed smoothly immersed submanifolds of even dimension, but of arbitrary codimension, in conformally flat Riemannian manifolds. This is a higher dimensional analogue of the Willmore energy for immersed surfaces and is given directly via a coupling of the tractor connection to the (submanifold critical) GJMS operators. In the case where the submanifold is of dimension 4 we compare this to other energies, including one found using a second simple construction that uses $Q$-operators.

We develop the theory of a category ${\mathscr C}_A$ which is a generalisation to non-restricted ${\mathfrak g}$-modules of a category famously studied by Andersen, Jantzen and Soergel for restricted ${\mathfrak g}$-modules, where ${\mathfrak g}$ is the Lie algebra of a reductive group $G$ over an algebraically closed field ${\mathbb K}$ of characteristic $p>0$. Its objects are certain graded bimodules. On the left, they are graded modules over an algebra $U_\chi$ associated to ${\mathfrak g}$ and to $\chi\in{\mathfrak g}^{*}$ in standard Levi form. On the right, they are modules over a commutative Noetherian $S({\mathfrak h})$-algebra $A$, where ${\mathfrak h}$ is the Lie algebra of a maximal torus of $G$. We develop here certain important modules $Z_{A,\chi}(\lambda)$, $Q_{A,\chi}^I(\lambda)$ and $Q_{A,\chi}(\lambda)$ in ${\mathscr C}_A$ which generalise familiar objects when $A={\mathbb K}$, and we prove some key structural results regarding them.

We study some combinatorial statistics defined on the set NC^{mton}(n) of monotonically ordered non-crossing partitions of {1,...,n}, and on the set NC_2^{mton}(2n)$ of monotonically ordered non-crossing pair-partitions of {1,...,2n}. An important fact used in the calculations is that one has a natural and very convenient structure of rooted tree on the union of the NC^{mton}(n)'s, and likewise for the union of the NC_2^{mton}(2n)'s. Unlike in the analogous results known for unordered non-crossing partitions, the computations of expectations and variances for natural block-counting statistics on NC^{mton}(n) and for the expectation of the area statistic on NC_2^{mton}(2n) turn out to yield a logarithmic regime.

We study a two-layer energy balance model, that allows for vertical exchanges between a surface layer and the atmosphere. The evolution equations of the surface temperature and the atmospheric temperature are coupled by the emission of infrared radiation by one level, that emission being captured by the other layer, and the effect of all non radiative vertical exchanges of energy. Therefore, an essential parameter is the absorptivity of the atmosphere, denoted $\epsilon_a$. The value of $\epsilon_a$ depends critically on greenhouse gases: increasing concentrations of $CO_2$ and $CH_4$ lead to a more opaque atmosphere with higher values of $\epsilon_a$. First we prove that global existence of solutions of the system holds if and only if $\epsilon_a \in (0, 2)$, and blow up in finite time occurs if $\epsilon_a > 2$. (Note that the physical range of values for $\epsilon_a$ is $(0, 1]$.) Next, we explain the long time dynamics for $\epsilon_a \in (0, 2)$, and we prove that all solutions converge to some equilibrium point. Finally, motivated by the physical context, we study the dependence of the equilibrium points with respect to the involved parameters, and we prove in particular that the surface temperature increases with respect to $\epsilon_a$. This is the key mathematical manifestation of the greenhouse effect.

Working within enriched category theory, we further develop the use of soundness, introduced by Adámek, Borceux, Lack, and Rosický for ordinary categories. In particular we investigate: (1) the theory of locally $\Phi$-presentable $\mathcal V$-categories for a sound class $\Phi$, (2) the problem of whether every $\Phi$-accessible $\mathcal V$-category is $\Psi$-accessible, for given sound classes $\Phi\subseteq\Psi$, and (3) a notion of $\Phi$-ary equational theory whose $\mathcal V$-categories of models characterize algebras for $\Phi$-ary monads on $\mathcal V$.

We consider branching Brownian motion on the real line with absorption at zero, in which particles move according to independent Brownian motions with the critical drift of $-\sqrt{2}$. Kesten (1978) showed that almost surely this process eventually dies out. Here we obtain upper and lower bounds on the probability that the process survives until some large time $t$. These bounds improve upon results of Kesten (1978), and partially confirm nonrigorous predictions of Derrida and Simon (2007).

This work provides reliable a posteriori error estimates for Runge-Kutta discontinuous Galerkin approximations of nonlinear convection-diffusion systems. The classes of systems we study are quite general with a focus on convection-dominated and degenerate parabolic problems. Our a posteriori error bounds are valid for a family of discontinuous Galerkin spatial discretizations and various temporal discretizations that include explicit and implicit-explicit time-stepping schemes, popular tools for practical simulations of this class of problem. We prove that our estimators provide reliable upper bounds for the error of the numerical method and present numerical evidence showing that they achieve the same order of convergence as the error. Since one of our main interests is the convection dominant case, we also track the dependence of the estimator on the viscosity coefficient.

We provide two versions of the statement in the title. First, when the source is the category of smooth manifolds, we construct a simplicial map to a weak Kan complex whose objects are A-infinity coalgebras. Second, when the source is the category of compact Lie groups (or more generally, compact Lie monoids), the target is a weak Kan complex whose objects consist in $f$-bialgebras, as defined in [CHM24]. We also establish a statement describing module structures induced by group actions, as conjectured in [CHM24].

We show that Martin's Maximum${}^{++}$ implies Woodin's ${\mathbb P}_{\rm max}$axiom$(*)$. This answers a question from the 1990's and amalgamates two prominent axioms of set theory which were both known to imply that there are $\aleph_2$ many real numbers.

In this paper we develop a general framework of badly approximable points in a metric space $X$ equipped with a $\sigma$-finite doubling Borel regular measure $\mu$. We establish that under mild assumptions the $\mu$-measure of the set of badly approximable points is always zero. The framework can be applied to a variety of settings in Diophantine approximation and dynamical systems, which we also consider, including weighted and $S$-arithmetic Diophantine approximations, Diophantine approximation on manifolds and intrinsic approximations on fractals.

In this paper we establish $L^p$-boundedness properties for variation operators defined by semigroups associated with Fourier-Bessel expansions.

Let $n,N\in \mathbb{N}$ with $\Omega \subseteq \mathbb{R}^n$ open. Given $H \in C^2(\Omega \times \mathbb{R}^N\times \mathbb{R}^{Nn}),$ we consider the functional \[ \tag{1} \label{1} E_\infty (u,\mathcal{O})\, :=\, \underset{\mathcal{O}}{\mathrm{ess}\,\sup}\, H (\cdot,u,\mathrm{D} u) ,\ \ \ u\in W^{1,\infty}_\text{loc}(\Omega,\mathbb{R}^N),\ \ \ \mathcal{O} \Subset \Omega. \] The associated PDE system which plays the role of Euler-Lagrange equations in $L^\infty$ is \[ \label{2} \tag{2} \left\{ \begin{array}{r} H_{P}(\cdot, u, \mathrm{D}u)\, \mathrm{D} \big(H(\cdot, u, \mathrm{D} u)\big) \, = \, 0, \ \ \ H(\cdot, u, \mathrm{D} u) \, [\![H_{P}(\cdot, u, \mathrm{D} u)]\!]^\bot \Big(\mathrm{Div}\big(H_{P}(\cdot, u, \mathrm{D} u)\big)- H_{\eta}(\cdot, u, \mathrm{D} u)\Big)\, =\, 0, \end{array} \right. \] where $[\![A]\!]^\bot := \mathrm{Proj}_{R(A)^\bot}$. Herein we establish that generalised solutions to \eqref{2} can be characterised as local minimisers of \eqref{1} for appropriate classes of affine variations of the energy. Generalised solutions to \eqref{2} are understood as $\mathcal{D}$-solutions, a general framework recently introduced by one of the authors.

Motivated by problems in topology, we explore the complexity of balanced group presentations. We obtain large lower bounds on the complexity of Andrews-Curtis trivialisations, beginning in rank 4. Our results are based on a new understanding of how Dehn functions of groups behave under certain kinds of push-outs. We consider groups $S$ with presentations of deficiency 1 satisfying certain technical conditions and construct balanced group presentations $\P_w$ indexed by words $w$ in the generators of $S$. If $w=1$ in $S$ then $\P_w$ is Andrews-Curtis trivialisable and the number of Andrews-Curtis moves required to trivialise it can be bounded above and below in terms of how hard it is to prove that $w=1$ in $S$.

We study the entropy of entanglement of the ground state in a wide family of one-dimensional quantum spin chains whose interaction is of finite range and translation invariant. Such systems can be thought of as generalizations of the XY model. The chain is divided in two parts: one containing the first consecutive L spins; the second the remaining ones. In this setting the entropy of entanglement is the von Neumann entropy of either part. At the core of our computation is the explicit evaluation of the leading order term as L tends to infinity of the determinant of a block-Toeplitz matrix whose symbol belongs to a general class of 2 x 2 matrix functions. The asymptotics of such determinant is computed in terms of multi-dimensional theta-functions associated to a hyperelliptic curve of genus g >= 1, which enter into the solution of a Riemann-Hilbert problem. Phase transitions for thes systems are characterized by the branch points of the hyperelliptic curve approaching the unit circle. In these circumstances the entropy diverges logarithmically. We also recover, as particular cases, the formulae for the entropy discovered by Jin and Korepin (2004) for the XX model and Its, Jin and Korepin (2005,2006) for the XY model.

We study convergence of 3D lattice sums via expanding spheres. It is well-known that, in contrast to summation via expanding cubes, the expanding spheres method may lead to formally divergent series (this will be so e.g. for the classical NaCl-Madelung constant). In the present paper we prove that these series remain convergent in Cesaro sense. For the case of second order Cesaro summation, we present an elementary proof of convergence and the proof for first order Cesaro summation is more involved and is based on the Riemann localization for multi-dimensional Fourier series.

Let n be either 2, or an odd integer greater than 1, and fix a prime p > 2(n + 1). Under standard "adequate image" assumptions, we show that the set of components of n-dimensional p-adic potentially semistable local Galois deformation rings that are seen by potentially automorphic compatible systems of polarizable Galois representations over some CM field is independent of the particular global situation. We also (under the same assumption on n) improve on the main potential automorphy result of [BLGGT14b], replacing "potentially diagonalizable" by "potentially globally realizable".

We consider a simple stochastic model for the spread of a disease caused by two virus strains in a closed homogeneously mixing population of size N. The spread of each strain in the absence of the other one is described by the stochastic logistic SIS epidemic process, and we assume that there is perfect cross-immunity between the two strains, that is, individuals infected by one are temporarily immune to re-infections and infections by the other. For the case where one strain has a strictly larger basic reproductive ratio than the other, and the stronger strain on its own is supercritical (that is, its basic reproductive ratio is larger than 1), we derive precise asymptotic results for the distribution of the time when the weaker strain disappears from the population, that is, its extinction time. We further extend our results to certain parameter values where the difference between the two reproductive ratios may tend to 0 as $N \to \infty$. In proving our results, we illustrate a new approach to a fluid limit approximation for a sequence of Markov chains in the vicinity of a stable fixed point of the limit.

We develop a generalised gauge theory in which the role of gauge group is played by a coalgebra and the role of principal bundle by an algebra. The theory provides a unifying point of view which includes quantum group gauge theory, embeddable quantum homogeneous spaces and braided group gauge theory, the latter being introduced now by these means. Examples include ones in which the gauge groups are the braided line and the quantum plane.