This Letter reports measurements of muon-neutrino disappearance and electron-neutrino appearance and the corresponding antineutrino processes between the two NOvA detectors in the NuMI neutrino beam. These measurements use a dataset with double the neutrino mode beam exposure that was previously analyzed, along with improved simulation and analysis techniques. A joint fit to these samples in the three-flavor paradigm results in the most precise single-experiment constraint on the atmospheric neutrino mass-splitting, $\Delta m^2_{32}= 2.431^{+0.036}_{-0.034} (-2.479^{+0.036}_{-0.036}) \times 10^{-3}$~eV$^2$ if the mass ordering is Normal (Inverted). In both orderings, a region close to maximal mixing with $\sin^2\theta_{23}=0.55^{+0.06}_{-0.02}$ is preferred. The NOvA data show a mild preference for the Normal mass ordering with a Bayes factor of 2.4 (corresponding to 70\% of the posterior probability), indicating that the Normal ordering is 2.4 times more probable than the Inverted ordering. When incorporating a 2D $\Delta m^2_{32}\textrm{--}\sin^2 2\theta_{13}$ constraint based on Daya Bay data, this preference strengthens to a Bayes factor of 6.6 (87\%).

In this paper, we present CML-TTS, a recursive acronym for CML-Multi-Lingual-TTS, a new Text-to-Speech (TTS) dataset developed at the Center of Excellence in Artificial Intelligence (CEIA) of the Federal University of Goias (UFG). CML-TTS is based on Multilingual LibriSpeech (MLS) and adapted for training TTS models, consisting of audiobooks in seven languages: Dutch, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, Polish, and Spanish. Additionally, we provide the YourTTS model, a multi-lingual TTS model, trained using 3,176.13 hours from CML-TTS and also with 245.07 hours from LibriTTS, in English. Our purpose in creating this dataset is to open up new research possibilities in the TTS area for multi-lingual models. The dataset is publicly available under the CC-BY 4.0 license1.

We propose a manifold AdaGrad-Norm method (\textsc{MAdaGrad}), which extends the norm version of AdaGrad (AdaGrad-Norm) to Riemannian optimization. In contrast to line-search schemes, which may require several exponential map computations per iteration, \textsc{MAdaGrad} requires only one. Assuming the objective function $f$ has Lipschitz continuous Riemannian gradient, we show that the method requires at most $\mathcal{O}(\varepsilon^{-2})$ iterations to compute a point $x$ such that $\|\operatorname{grad} f(x)\|\leq \varepsilon$. Under the additional assumptions that $f$ is geodesically convex and the manifold has sectional curvature bounded from below, we show that the method takes at most $\mathcal{O}(\varepsilon^{-1})$ to find $x$ such that $f(x)-f_{low}\leq\epsilon$, where $f_{low}$ is the optimal value. Moreover, if $f$ satisfies the Polyak--Łojasiewicz condition globally on the manifold, we establish a complexity bound of $\mathcal{O}(\log(\varepsilon^{-1}))$, provided that the norm of the initial Riemannian gradient is sufficiently large. For the manifold of symmetric positive definite matrices, we construct a family of nonconvex functions satisfying the PL condition. Numerical experiments illustrate the remarkable performance of \textsc{MAdaGrad} in comparison with Riemannian Steepest Descent equipped with Armijo line-search.

We systematically study the efficiency of the intrinsic superconducting diode effect of several pair-density-wave states that can emerge in two-dimensional $d$-wave metallic altermagnets. To this end, we investigate several scenarios using an effective minimal microscopic model and Ginzburg-Landau analysis in order to derive the corresponding pairing phase diagrams. In addition, we examine also whether the presence of a Rashba spin-orbit coupling and an applied external magnetic field are beneficial to this effect in these systems. As a consequence, our results add further support to the fact that altermagnetic materials indeed provide a good platform for the pursuit of finite-momentum superconductivity, which can lead to an optimization of the diode efficiency in some physically interesting situations. The latter phenomenon has been recently proposed to be key in improving the applicability of new energy-efficient quantum electronic devices.

NOvA is a long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiment that measures oscillations in charged-current $\nu_{\mu} \rightarrow \nu_{\mu}$ (disappearance) and $\nu_{\mu} \rightarrow \nu_{e}$ (appearance) channels, and their antineutrino counterparts, using neutrinos of energies around 2 GeV over a distance of 810 km. In this work we reanalyze the dataset first examined in our previous paper [Phys. Rev. D 106, 032004 (2022)] using an alternative statistical approach based on Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo. We measure oscillation parameters consistent with the previous results. We also extend our inferences to include the first NOvA measurements of the reactor mixing angle $\theta_{13}$ and the Jarlskog invariant. We use these results to quantify the strength of our inferences about CP violation, as well as to examine the effects of constraints from short-baseline measurements of $\theta_{13}$ using antineutrinos from nuclear reactors when making NOvA measurements of $\theta_{23}$. Our long-baseline measurement of $\theta_{13}$ is also shown to be consistent with the reactor measurements, supporting the general applicability and robustness of the PMNS framework for neutrino oscillations.

The flux of cosmic ray muons at the Earth's surface exhibits seasonal variations due to changes in the temperature of the atmosphere affecting the production and decay of mesons in the upper atmosphere. Using data collected by the NOvA Near Detector during 2018--2022, we studied the seasonal pattern in the multiple-muon event rate. The data confirm an anticorrelation between the multiple-muon event rate and effective atmospheric temperature, consistent across all the years of data. Previous analyses from MINOS and NOvA saw a similar anticorrelation but did not include an explanation. We find that this anticorrelation is driven by altitude--geometry effects as the average muon production height changes with the season. This has been checked with a CORSIKA cosmic ray simulation package by varying atmospheric parameters, and provides an explanation to a longstanding discrepancy between the seasonal phases of single and multiple-muon events.

We systematically study the efficiency of the intrinsic superconducting diode effect of several pair-density-wave states that can emerge in two-dimensional $d$-wave metallic altermagnets. To this end, we investigate several scenarios using an effective minimal microscopic model and Ginzburg-Landau analysis in order to derive the corresponding pairing phase diagrams. In addition, we examine also whether the presence of a Rashba spin-orbit coupling and an applied external magnetic field are beneficial to this effect in these systems. As a consequence, our results add further support to the fact that altermagnetic materials indeed provide a good platform for the pursuit of finite-momentum superconductivity, which can lead to an optimization of the diode efficiency in some physically interesting situations. The latter phenomenon has been recently proposed to be key in improving the applicability of new energy-efficient quantum electronic devices.

This paper analyzes the convergence rates of the {\it Frank-Wolfe } method for solving convex constrained multiobjective optimization. We establish improved convergence rates under different assumptions on the objective function, the feasible set, and the localization of the limit point of the sequence generated by the method. In terms of the objective function values, we firstly show that if the objective function is strongly convex and the limit point of the sequence generated by the method lies in the relative interior of the feasible set, then the algorithm achieves a linear convergence rate. Next, we focus on a special class of problems where the feasible constraint set is $(\alpha,q)$-uniformly convex for some $\alpha >0$ and $q \geq 2$, including, in particular, $\ell_p$-balls for all $p>1$. In this context, we prove that the method attains: (i) a rate of $\mathcal{O}(1/k^\frac{q}{q-1})$ when the objective function is strongly convex; and (ii) a linear rate (if $q=2$) or a rate of $\mathcal{O}(1/k^{\frac{q}{q-2}})$ (if $q>2$) under an additional assumption, which always holds if the feasible set does not contain an unconstrained weak Pareto point. We also discuss enhanced convergence rates for the algorithm in terms of an optimality measure. Finally, we provide some simple examples to illustrate the convergence rates and the set of assumptions.

Nowadays, geometric tools are being used to treat a huge class of problems of quantum information science. By understanding the interplay between the geometry of the state space and information-theoretic quantities, it is possible to obtain less trivial and more robust physical constraints on quantum systems. In this sense, here we establish a geometric lower bound for the Wigner-Yanase skew information (WYSI), a well-known information theoretic quantity recently recognized as a proper quantum coherence measure. Starting from a mixed state evolving under unitary dynamics, while WYSI is a constant of motion, the lower bound indicates the rate of change of quantum statistical distinguishability between initial and final states. Our result shows that, since WYSI fits in the class of Petz metrics, this lower bound is the change rate of its respective geodesic distance on quantum state space. The geometric approach is advantageous because raises several physical interpretations of this inequality under the same theoretical umbrella.

Cross sections for the interaction $\nu_\mu A\rightarrow\mu^-\pi^0 X$ with neutrino energies between 1 and 5~GeV are measured using a sample of 165k selected events collected in the NOvA experiment's Near Detector, a hydrocarbon-based detector exposed to the NuMI neutrino beam at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory. Results are presented as a flux-averaged total cross section and as differential cross sections in the momenta and angles of the outgoing muon and $\pi^0$, the total four-momentum transfer, and the invariant mass of the hadronic system. Comparisons are made with predictions from a reference version of the GENIE neutrino interaction generator. The measured total cross section of ($3.57\pm0.44)\times10^{-39}\ \mathrm{cm}^2$ is $7.5\%$ higher than the GENIE prediction but is consistent within experimental errors.

We report the rate of cosmic ray air showers with multiplicities exceeding 15 muon tracks recorded in the NOvA Far Detector between May 2016 and May 2018. The detector is located on the surface under an overburden of 3.6 meters water equivalent. We observe a seasonal dependence in the rate of multiple-muon showers, which varies in magnitude with multiplicity and zenith angle. During this period, the effective atmospheric temperature and surface pressure ranged between 210 K to 230 K and 940mbar to 990mbar, respectively; the shower rates are anti-correlated with the variation in the effective temperature. The variations are about 30% larger for the highest multiplicities than the lowest multiplicities and 20% larger for showers near the horizon than vertical showers.

This Letter reports results from the first long-baseline search for sterile antineutrinos mixing in an accelerator-based antineutrino-dominated beam. The rate of neutral-current interactions in the two NOvA detectors, at distances of 1 km and 810 km from the beam source, is analyzed using an exposure of $12.51\times10^{20}$ protons-on-target from the NuMI beam at Fermilab running in antineutrino mode. A total of $121$ of neutral-current candidates are observed at the Far Detector, compared to a prediction of $122\pm11$(stat.)$\pm15$(syst.) assuming mixing between three active flavors. No evidence for $\bar{\nu}_{\mu}\rightarrow\bar{\nu}_{s}$ oscillation is observed. Interpreting this result within a 3+1 model, constraints are placed on the mixing angles {\theta}_{24} < 25^{\circ} and {\theta}_{34} < 32^{\circ} at the 90% C.L. for $0.05$eV$^{2} \leq \Delta m^{2}_{41} \leq 0.5$eV$^{2}$, the range of mass splittings that produces no significant oscillations at the Near Detector. These are the first 3+1 confidence limits set using long-baseline accelerator antineutrinos.

The determination of the direction of a stellar core collapse via its neutrino emission is crucial for the identification of the progenitor for a multimessenger follow-up. A highly effective method of reconstructing supernova directions within the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is introduced. The supernova neutrino pointing resolution is studied by simulating and reconstructing electron-neutrino charged-current absorption on $^{40}$Ar and elastic scattering of neutrinos on electrons. Procedures to reconstruct individual interactions, including a newly developed technique called ``brems flipping'', as well as the burst direction from an ensemble of interactions are described. Performance of the burst direction reconstruction is evaluated for supernovae happening at a distance of 10 kpc for a specific supernova burst flux model. The pointing resolution is found to be 3.4 degrees at 68% coverage for a perfect interaction-channel classification and a fiducial mass of 40 kton, and 6.6 degrees for a 10 kton fiducial mass respectively. Assuming a 4% rate of charged-current interactions being misidentified as elastic scattering, DUNE's burst pointing resolution is found to be 4.3 degrees (8.7 degrees) at 68% coverage.

We report cross-section measurements of the final-state muon kinematics for \numu charged-current interactions in the NOvA near detector using an accumulated 8.09$\times10^{20}$ protons-on-target (POT) in the NuMI beam. We present the results as a double-differential cross section in the observed outgoing muon energy and angle, as well as single-differential cross sections in the derived neutrino energy, $E_\nu$, and square of the four-momentum transfer, $Q^2$. We compare the results to inclusive cross-section predictions from various neutrino event generators via $\chi^2$ calculations using a covariance matrix that accounts for bin-to-bin correlations of systematic uncertainties. These comparisons show a clear discrepancy between the data and each of the tested predictions at forward muon angle and low $Q^2$, indicating a missing suppression of the cross section in current neutrino-nucleus scattering models.

The two-detector design of the NOvA neutrino oscillation experiment, in which two functionally identical detectors are exposed to an intense neutrino beam, aids in canceling leading order effects of cross-section uncertainties. However, limited knowledge of neutrino interaction cross sections still gives rise to some of the largest systematic uncertainties in current oscillation measurements. We show contemporary models of neutrino interactions to be discrepant with data from NOvA, consistent with discrepancies seen in other experiments. Adjustments to neutrino interaction models in GENIE that improve agreement with our data are presented. We also describe systematic uncertainties on these models, including uncertainties on multi-nucleon interactions from a newly developed procedure using NOvA near detector data.

The 35-ton prototype for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment far detector was a single-phase liquid argon time projection chamber with an integrated photon detector system, all situated inside a membrane cryostat. The detector took cosmic-ray data for six weeks during the period of February 1, 2016 to March 12, 2016. The performance of the photon detection system was checked with these data. An installed photon detector was demonstrated to measure the arrival times of cosmic-ray muons with a resolution better than 32 ns, limited by the timing of the trigger system. A measurement of the timing resolution using closely-spaced calibration pulses yielded a resolution of 15 ns for pulses at a level of 6 photo-electrons. Scintillation light from cosmic-ray muons was observed to be attenuated with increasing distance with a characteristic length of $155 \pm 28$ cm.

Kinematic distributions from an inclusive sample of 1.41 x 10^6 charged-current nu_mu interactions on iron, obtained using the MINOS Near Detector exposed to a wide-band beam with peak flux at 3 GeV, are compared to a conventional treatment of neutrino scattering within a Fermi gas nucleus. Results are used to guide the selection of a subsample enriched in quasielastic nu_mu Fe interactions, containing an estimated 123,000 quasielastic events of incident energies 1 < E_nu < 8 GeV, with = 2.79 GeV. Four additional subsamples representing topological and kinematic sideband regions to quasielastic scattering are also selected for the purpose of evaluating backgrounds. Comparisons using subsample distributions in four-momentum transfer Q^2 show the Monte Carlo model to be inadequate at low Q^2. Its shortcomings are remedied via inclusion of a Q^2-dependent suppression function for baryon resonance production, developed from the data. A chi-square fit of the resulting Monte Carlo simulation to the shape of the Q^2 distribution for the quasielastic-enriched sample is carried out with the axial-vector mass M_A of the dipole axial-vector form factor of the neutron as a free parameter. The effective M_A which best describes the data is 1.23 +0.13/-0.09 (fit) +0.12/-0.15 (syst.) GeV.

We report the results of a search for $\nu_{e}$ appearance in a $\nu_{\mu}$ beam in the MINOS long-baseline neutrino experiment. With an improved analysis and an increased exposure of $8.2\times10^{20}$ protons on the NuMI target at Fermilab, we find that 2\sin^2(\theta_{23})\sin^2(2\theta_{13})&lt;0.12\ (0.20) at 90% confidence level for $\delta\mathord{=}0$ and the normal (inverted) neutrino mass hierarchy, with a best fit of $2\sin^2(\theta_{23})\sin^2(2\theta_{13})\,\mathord{=}\,0.041^{+0.047}_{-0.031}\ (0.079^{+0.071}_{-0.053})$. The $\theta_{13}\mathord{=}0$ hypothesis is disfavored by the MINOS data at the 89% confidence level.

This document presents the concept and physics case for a magnetized gaseous argon-based detector system (ND-GAr) for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) Near Detector. This detector system is required in order for DUNE to reach its full physics potential in the measurement of CP violation and in delivering precision measurements of oscillation parameters. In addition to its critical role in the long-baseline oscillation program, ND-GAr will extend the overall physics program of DUNE. The LBNF high-intensity proton beam will provide a large flux of neutrinos that is sampled by ND-GAr, enabling DUNE to discover new particles and search for new interactions and symmetries beyond those predicted in the Standard Model.

In the present work, we establish the existence and multiplicity of positive solutions for the singular elliptic equations with a double weighted nonlocal interaction term defined in the whole space $\mathbb{R}^N$. The nonlocal term and the fact that the energy functional is not differentiable are the main difficulties for this kind of problem. We apply the Nehari method and the nonlinear Rayleigh quotient to prove that our main problem has at least two positive weak solutions. Furthermore, we prove a nonexistence result related to the extreme $\lambda^*> 0$ given by the nonlinear Rayleigh quotient.