We compute the structure-dependent axial and vector form factors for the radiative leptonic decays $D_s\to \ell\nu_\ell\gamma$, where $\ell$ is a charged lepton, as functions of the energy of the photon in the rest frame of the $D_s$ meson. The computation is performed using gauge-field configurations with 2+1+1 sea-quark flavours generated by the European Twisted Mass Collaboration and the results have been extrapolated to the continuum limit. For the vector form factor we observe a very significant partial cancellation between the contributions from the emission of the photon from the strange quark and that from the charm quark. The results for the form factors are used to test the reliability of various Anz\"atze based on single-pole dominance and its extensions, and we present a simple parametrization of the form factors which fits our data very well and which can be used in future phenomenological analyses. Using the form factors we compute the differential decay rate and the branching ratio for the process $D_s\to e\nu_e\gamma$ as a function of the lower cut-off on the photon energy. With a cut-off of 10 MeV for example, we find a branching ratio of Br(E_\gamma>10\,\mathrm{MeV})=4.4(3)\times 10^{-6} which, unlike some model calculations, is consistent with the upper bound from the BESIII experiment Br(E_\gamma>10\,\mathrm{MeV})<1.3\times 10^{-4} at 90% confidence level. Even for photon energies as low as 10 MeV, the decay $D_s\to e\nu_e\gamma$ is dominated by the structure-dependent contribution to the amplitude (unlike the decays with $\ell=\mu$ or $\tau$), confirming its value in searches for hypothetical new physics as well as in determining the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) parameters at $O(\alpha_\mathrm{em})$, where $\alpha_{\mathrm{em}}$ is the fine-structure constant.

In this paper, for the first time a method is proposed to compute electromagnetic effects in hadronic processes using lattice simulations. The method can be applied, for example, to the leptonic and semileptonic decays of light or heavy pseudoscalar mesons. For these quantities the presence of infrared divergences in intermediate stages of the calculation makes the procedure much more complicated than is the case for the hadronic spectrum, for which calculations already exist. In order to compute the physical widths, diagrams with virtual photons must be combined with those corresponding to the emission of real photons. Only in this way do the infrared divergences cancel as first understood by Bloch and Nordsieck in 1937. We present a detailed analysis of the method for the leptonic decays of a pseudoscalar meson. The implementation of our method, although challenging, is within reach of the present lattice technology.

Turbulence is indispensable to redistribute nutrients for all life forms larger than microbial, on land and in the ocean. Yet, the development of deep-sea turbulence has not been studied in three dimensions (3D). As a disproportionate laboratory, an array of nearly 3000 high-resolution temperature sensors had been installed for three years on the flat 2500-m deep bottom of the Mediterranean Sea. The time series from the half-cubic hectometer 3D mooring-array allows for the creation of unique movies of deep-sea water motions. Although temperature differences are typically 0.001degrC, variable convection-turbulence is observed as expected from geothermal heating through the flat seafloor. During about 40% of the time, an additional turbulence, 3 times stronger in magnitude, is observed from slantwise advected warmer waters to pass in turbulent clouds. Besides turbulent clouds and seafloor heating, movies also reveal weakly turbulent interfacial-wave breakdown that commonly occurs in the open ocean far away from boundaries.

We present a non-perturbative lattice calculation of the form factors which contribute to the amplitudes for the radiative decays $P\to \ell \bar \nu_\ell \gamma$, where $P$ is a pseudoscalar meson and $\ell$ is a charged lepton. Together with the non-perturbative determination of the corrections to the processes $P\to \ell \bar \nu_\ell$ due to the exchange of a virtual photon, this allows accurate predictions at $O(\alpha_{em})$ to be made for leptonic decay rates for pseudoscalar mesons ranging from the pion to the $D_s$ meson. We are able to separate unambiguously and non-pertubatively the point-like contribution, from the structure-dependent, infrared-safe, terms in the amplitude. The fully non-perturbative $O(a)$ improved calculation of the inclusive leptonic decay rates will lead to the determination of the corresponding Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) matrix elements also at $O(\alpha_{em})$. Prospects for a precise evaluation of leptonic decay rates with emission of a hard photon are also very interesting, especially for the decays of heavy $D$ and $B$ mesons for which currently only model-dependent predictions are available to compare with existing experimental data.

We determine, by means of lattice QCD calculations, the local form factors describing the $B_{s}\to \mu^{+}\mu^{-}\gamma$ decay. For this analysis we make use of the gauge configurations produced by the ETM Collaboration with $N_{f}=2+1+1$ flavour of Wilson-Clover twisted-mass fermions at maximal twist. To obtain the $B_{s}$ meson form-factors, we perform simulations for several heavy-strange meson masses $m_{H_{s}}$ in the range $m_{H_{s}} \in [ m_{D_{s}}, 2 m_{D_{s}} ]$, and extrapolate to the physical $B_{s}$ meson point $m_{B_{s}}\simeq 5.367~{\rm GeV}$ making use of the HQET scaling laws. We cover the region of large di-muon invariant masses \sqrt{q^{2}} > 4.16\,{\rm GeV}, and use our results to determine the branching fraction for $B_{s}\to \mu^{+}\mu^{-}\gamma$, which has been recently measured by LHCb in the region \sqrt{q^{2}} > 4.9\,{\rm GeV}. The largest contribution to the uncertainty in the partial branching fractions at values of \sqrt{q^{2}} < 4.8\,{\rm GeV} is now due to resonance and other long-distance effects, including those from "charming penguins", which we estimate by summing over the contributions from the $J_P=1^-$ charmonium resonances.

We present a method to evaluate on the lattice the leading isospin breaking effects due to both the small mass difference between the up and down quarks and the QED interaction. Our proposal is applicable in principle to any QCD+QED gauge invariant hadronic observable which can be computed on the lattice. It is based on the expansion of the path-integral in powers of the small parameters (m_d - m_u)/Lambda_{QCD} and alpha_{em}, where m_f is the renormalized quark mass and alpha_{em} the renormalized fine structure constant. In this paper we discuss in detail the general strategy of the method and the conventional, although arbitrary, separation of QCD from QED isospin breaking corrections. We obtain results for the pion mass splitting, M_{pi+}^2-M_{pi0}^2= 1.44(13)(16) x 10^3 MeV^2, for the Dashen's theorem breaking parameter epsilon_{gamma}= 0.79(18)(18), for the light quark masses, [m_d - m_u](MSbar,2 GeV)= 2.39(8)(17) MeV, [m_u / m_d](MSbar,2 GeV)= 0.50(2)(3) and for the flavour symmetry breaking parameters R and Q. We also update our previous results for the QCD isospin breaking corrections to the Kl2 decay rate and for the QCD contribution to the neutron-proton mass splitting.

Large Language Models (LLMs) exploit fine-tuning as a technique to adapt to diverse goals, thanks to task-specific training data. Task specificity should go hand in hand with domain orientation, that is, the specialization of an LLM to accurately address the tasks of a given realm of interest. However, models are usually fine-tuned over publicly available data or, at most, over ground data from databases, ignoring business-level definitions and domain experience. On the other hand, Enterprise Knowledge Graphs (EKGs) are able to capture and augment such domain knowledge via ontological reasoning. With the goal of combining LLM flexibility with the domain orientation of EKGs, we propose a novel neurosymbolic architecture that leverages the power of ontological reasoning to build task- and domain-specific corpora for LLM fine-tuning.

Scalar dark matter (DM) in a theory introduces hierarchy problems, and suffers from the inability to predict the preferred mass range for the DM. In a WIMP-like minimal scalar DM set-up we show that the infinite derivative theory can predict DM mass and its coupling. The scale of non-locality (M) in such a theory in its lower-most limit (constrained by LHC) implies a DM mass $\sim$ TeV and a coupling with the Standard Model (SM) Higgs $\lambda_\mathrm{HS} \sim 10^{-2}$. Planned DM direct detection experiments reaching such sensitivity in the DM will effectively translate into lower bounds on the scale at which the non-locality comes into the play. Self-interactions of DM and its impact on vacuum stability in this model are also discussed in the context.

We have measured the running of the effective QED coupling constant $\alpha(s)$ in the time-like region 0.6<\sqrt s< 0.975 GeV with the KLOE detector at DA$\Phi$NE using the Initial State Radiation process $e^+e^-\to\mu^+ \mu^-\gamma$. It represents the first measurement of the running of $\alpha(s)$ in this energy region. Our results show a more than 5$\sigma$ significance of the hadronic contribution to the running of $\alpha(s)$, which is the strongest direct evidence both in time- and space-like regions achieved in a single measurement. By using the $e^+e^-\to\pi^+\pi^-$ cross section measured by KLOE, the real and imaginary part of the shift $\Delta\alpha(s)$ has been extracted. By a fit of the real part of $\Delta\alpha(s)$ and assuming the lepton universality the branching ratio $BR(\omega\to\mu^+\mu^-) = (6.6\pm1.4_{stat}\pm1.7_{syst})\cdot 10^{-5}$ has been determined.

The correlations between Supermassive Black Holes (SMBHs) and their host galaxies still defy our understanding from both the observational and theoretical perspectives. Here we perform pairwise residual analysis on the latest sample of local inactive galaxies with a uniform calibration of their photometric properties and with dynamically measured masses of their central SMBHs. The residuals reveal that stellar velocity dispersion $\sigma$ and, possibly host dark matter halo mass $M_{\rm halo}$, appear as the galactic properties most correlated with SMBH mass, with a secondary (weaker) correlation with spheroidal (bulge) mass $M_{\rm sph}$, as also corroborated by additional Machine Learning tests. These findings may favour energetic/kinetic feedback from Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) as the main driver in shaping SMBH scaling relations. Two state-of-the-art hydrodynamic simulations, inclusive of kinetic AGN feedback, are able to broadly capture the mean trends observed in the residuals, although they tend to either favour $M_{\rm sph}$ as the most fundamental property, or generate too flat residuals. Increasing AGN feedback kinetic output does not improve the comparison with the data. In the Appendix we also show that the galaxies with dynamically measured SMBHs are biased high in $\sigma$ at fixed luminosity with respect to the full sample of local galaxies, proving that this bias is not a byproduct of stellar mass discrepancies. Overall, our results suggest that probing the SMBH-galaxy scaling relations in terms of total stellar mass alone may induce biases, and that either current data sets are incomplete, and/or that more insightful modelling is required to fully reproduce observations.

We present one of the largest multiwavelength studies of simultaneous optical-to-X-ray spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of unobscured active galactic nuclei (AGN) in the local Universe. Using a representative sample of hard-X-ray-selected AGN from the 70-month Swift/BAT catalog, with optical/UV photometric data from Swift/UVOT and X-ray spectral data from Swift/XRT, we constructed broadband SEDs of 236 nearby AGN (0.001

ARGO-YBJ is an air shower detector array with a fully covered layer of resistive plate chambers. It is operated with a high duty cycle and a large field of view. It continuously monitors the northern sky at energies above 0.3 TeV. In this paper, we report a long-term monitoring of Mrk 421 over the period from 2007 November to 2010 February. This source was observed by the satellite-borne experiments Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer and Swift in the X-ray band. Mrk 421 was especially active in the first half of 2008. Many flares are observed in both X-ray and gamma-ray bands simultaneously. The gamma-ray flux observed by ARGO-YBJ has a clear correlation with the X-ray flux. No lag between the X-ray and gamma-ray photons longer than 1 day is found. The evolution of the spectral energy distribution is investigated by measuring spectral indices at four different flux levels. Hardening of the spectra is observed in both X-ray and gamma-ray bands. The gamma-ray flux increases quadratically with the simultaneously measured X-ray flux. All these observational results strongly favor the synchrotron self-Compton process as the underlying radiative mechanism.

Spatial variations in the distribution of galaxy luminosities, estimated from redshifts as distance proxies, are correlated with the peculiar velocity field. Comparing these variations with the peculiar velocities inferred from galaxy redshift surveys is a powerful test of gravity and dark energy theories on cosmological scales. Using ~ 2 $\times$ 10$^{5}$ galaxies from the SDSS Data Release 7, we perform this test in the framework of gravitational instability to estimate the normalized growth rate of density perturbations f$\sigma_{8}$ = 0.37 +/- 0.13 at z ~ 0.1, which is in agreement with the $\Lambda$CDM scenario. This unique measurement is complementary to those obtained with more traditional methods, including clustering analysis. The estimated accuracy at z ~ 0.1 is competitive with other methods when applied to similar datasets.

Using $1.6$ fb$^{-1}$ of $e^+ e^-\to\phi\to\eta\gamma$ data collected with the KLOE detector at DA$\Phi$NE, the Dalitz plot distribution for the $\eta \to \pi^+ \pi^- \pi^0$ decay is studied with the world's largest sample of $\sim 4.7 \cdot 10^6$ events. The Dalitz plot density is parametrized as a polynomial expansion up to cubic terms in the normalized dimensionless variables $X$ and $Y$. The experiment is sensitive to all charge conjugation conserving terms of the expansion, including a $gX^2Y$ term. The statistical uncertainty of all parameters is improved by a factor two with respect to earlier measurements.

The existence of a new force beyond the Standard Model is compelling because it could explain several striking astrophysical observations which fail standard interpretations. We searched for the light vector mediator of this dark force, the $\mathrm{U}$ boson, with the KLOE detector at the DA$\Phi$NE $\mathrm{e}^{+}\mathrm{e}^{-}$ collider. Using an integrated luminosity of 1.54 fb$^{-1}$, we studied the process $\mathrm{e}^{+}\mathrm{e}^{-} \to \mathrm{U}\gamma$, with $\mathrm{U} \to \mathrm{e}^{+}\mathrm{e}^{-}$, using radiative-return to search for a resonant peak in the dielectron invariant-mass distribution. We did not find evidence for a signal, and set a 90\%~CL upper limit on the mixing strength between the Standard Model photon and the dark photon, $\varepsilon^2$, at $10^{-6}$--$10^{-4}$ in the 5--520~MeV/c$^2$ mass range.

We present a lattice QCD calculation of the up, down, strange and charm quark masses performed using the gauge configurations produced by the European Twisted Mass Collaboration with Nf = 2 + 1 + 1 dynamical quarks, which include in the sea, besides two light mass degenerate quarks, also the strange and charm quarks with masses close to their physical values. The simulations are based on a unitary setup for the two light quarks and on a mixed action approach for the strange and charm quarks. The analysis uses data at three values of the lattice spacing and pion masses in the range 210 - 450 MeV, allowing for accurate continuum limit and controlled chiral extrapolation. The quark mass renormalization is carried out non-perturbatively using the RI-MOM method. The results for the quark masses converted to the bar{MS} scheme are: mud(2 GeV) = 3.70(17) MeV, ms(2 GeV) = 99.6(4.3) MeV and mc(mc) = 1.348(46) GeV. We obtain also the quark mass ratios ms/mud = 26.66(32) and mc/ms = 11.62(16). By studying the mass splitting between the neutral and charged kaons and using available lattice results for the electromagnetic contributions, we evaluate mu/md = 0.470(56), leading to mu = 2.36(24) MeV and md = 5.03(26) MeV.

Relational semantics for linear logic is a form of non-idempotent intersection type system, from which several informations on the execution of a proof-structure can be recovered. An element of the relational interpretation of a proof-structure R with conclusion $\Gamma$ acts thus as a type (refining $\Gamma$) having R as an inhabitant. We are interested in the following type-checking question: given a proof-structure R, a list of formulae $\Gamma$, and a point x in the relational interpretation of $\Gamma$, is x in the interpretation of R? This question is decidable. We present here an algorithm that decides it in time linear in the size of R, if R is a proof-structure in the multiplicative fragment of linear logic. This algorithm can be extended to larger fragments of multiplicative-exponential linear logic containing $\lambda$-calculus.

The Rashba spin-orbit coupling arising from structure inversion asymmetry couples spin and momentum degrees of freedom providing a suitable (and very intensively investigated) environment for spintronic effects and devices. Here we show that in the presence of strong disorder, non-homogeneity in the spin-orbit coupling gives rise to a finite spin Hall conductivity in contrast with the corresponding case of a homogeneous linear spin-orbit coupling. In particular, we examine the inhomogeneity arising from a striped structure for a two-dimensional electron gas, affecting both density and Rashba spin-orbit coupling. We suggest that this situation can be realized at oxide interfaces with periodic top gating.

Luminous and Ultra-luminous IR galaxies ((U)LIRGs) are critical for investigating feedback mechanisms due to a combination of intense star formation (SF) episodes and active galactic nuclei (AGN), particularly in the context of complex galaxy interactions. We conduct a detailed analysis of the II ZW 096 merging system using the Multi-Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) on the Very Large Telescope (VLT), combining high-resolution Narrow Field Mode (NFM) and large-area Wide Field Mode (WFM) observations. We mapped the morphology, kinematics, and ionizing radiation of the system's gas by fitting atomic emission lines and the optical continuum. We identify three or more distinct galaxies within II ZW 096, revealing rotational patterns and complex interactions consistent with a collapsing small galaxy group. The kinematics and ionization structures suggest high star formation rates and shock-driven processes, which align with this proposed scenario. Focusing on the D1 compact region, which contributes 40-70% of the system's IR emission, and combining information from archival multi-wavelength observations, we find strong evidence of a heavily obscured AGN powering it. Our analysis of the internal structure, interactions, and merger state of II ZW 096 offers novel insights into the galaxy evolution processes in this dynamic and highly chaotic system

We review lattice results related to pion, kaon, D- and B-meson physics with the aim of making them easily accessible to the particle physics community. More specifically, we report on the determination of the light-quark masses, the form factor f+(0), arising in semileptonic K -> pi transition at zero momentum transfer, as well as the decay constant ratio fK/fpi of decay constants and its consequences for the CKM matrix elements Vus and Vud. Furthermore, we describe the results obtained on the lattice for some of the low-energy constants of SU(2)LxSU(2)R and SU(3)LxSU(3)R Chiral Perturbation Theory and review the determination of the BK parameter of neutral kaon mixing. The inclusion of heavy-quark quantities significantly expands the FLAG scope with respect to the previous review. Therefore, for this review, we focus on D- and B-meson decay constants, form factors, and mixing parameters, since these are most relevant for the determination of CKM matrix elements and the global CKM unitarity-triangle fit. In addition we review the status of lattice determinations of the strong coupling constant alpha_s.