The $\gamma$-ray from Giant molecular clouds (GMCs) is regarded as the most ideal tool to perform in-situ measurement of cosmic ray (CR) density and spectra in our Galaxy. We report the first detection of $\gamma$-ray emissions in the very-high-energy (VHE) domain from the five nearby GMCs with a stacking analysis based on a 4.5-year $\gamma$-ray observation with the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO) experiment. The spectral energy distributions derived from the GMCs are consistent with the expected $\gamma$-ray flux produced via CR interacting with the ISM in the energy interval 1 - 100 $~\rm$ TeV. In addition, we investigate the presence of the CR spectral `knee' by introducing a spectral break in the $\gamma$-ray data. While no significant evidence for the CR knee is found, the current KM2A measurements from GMCs strongly favor a proton CR knee located above 0.9$~\rm$ PeV, which is consistent with the latest measurement of the CR spectrum by ground-based experiments.

As one of the earliest writing systems, Oracle Bone Script (OBS) preserves the cultural and intellectual heritage of ancient civilizations. However, current OBS research faces two major challenges: (1) the interpretation of OBS involves a complex workflow comprising multiple serial and parallel sub-tasks, and (2) the efficiency of OBS information organization and retrieval remains a critical bottleneck, as scholars often spend substantial effort searching for, compiling, and managing relevant resources. To address these challenges, we present OracleAgent, the first agent system designed for the structured management and retrieval of OBS-related information. OracleAgent seamlessly integrates multiple OBS analysis tools, empowered by large language models (LLMs), and can flexibly orchestrate these components. Additionally, we construct a comprehensive domain-specific multimodal knowledge base for OBS, which is built through a rigorous multi-year process of data collection, cleaning, and expert annotation. The knowledge base comprises over 1.4M single-character rubbing images and 80K interpretation texts. OracleAgent leverages this resource through its multimodal tools to assist experts in retrieval tasks of character, document, interpretation text, and rubbing image. Extensive experiments demonstrate that OracleAgent achieves superior performance across a range of multimodal reasoning and generation tasks, surpassing leading mainstream multimodal large language models (MLLMs) (e.g., GPT-4o). Furthermore, our case study illustrates that OracleAgent can effectively assist domain experts, significantly reducing the time cost of OBS research. These results highlight OracleAgent as a significant step toward the practical deployment of OBS-assisted research and automated interpretation systems.

As the 15th paper in a series reporting on a large reverberation mapping (RM) campaign of super-Eddington accreting massive black holes (SEAMBHs) in active galactic nuclei (AGNs), we present the results of measurements of the Mg II lines in 18 SEAMBHs monitored spectroscopically from 2017 to 2024. Among these, the time lags of Mg II have been successfully determined for 8 of the 18 objects, thereby expanding the current Mg II RM sample, particularly at higher accretion rates. By incorporating measurements of the line widths, we determine the masses of their central supermassive black holes. Based on these new measurements, we update the relation between the Mg II radius and the monochromatic luminosity at 3000 $\mathring{\mathrm{A}}$ ($R_{\rm MgII}-L_{3000}$ relation), yielding a slope of $0.24 \pm 0.03$, which is slightly shallower than, yet still consistent with, previously reported values. Similar to the H$\beta$ lines, the Mg II time lags in SEAMBHs are shorter than those of AGNs with normal accretion rates at comparable luminosities. The deviation of AGNs from the best-fit $R_{\rm MgII}-L_{3000}$ relation shows a strong correlation with the accretion rate, while no significant correlation is found between the deviation and the flux ratio of UV iron to Mg II.

Oracle bone inscriptions(OBI) is the earliest developed writing system in China, bearing invaluable written exemplifications of early Shang history and paleography. However, the task of deciphering OBI, in the current climate of the scholarship, can prove extremely challenging. Out of the 4,500 oracle bone characters excavated, only a third have been successfully identified. Therefore, leveraging the advantages of advanced AI technology to assist in the decipherment of OBI is a highly essential research topic. However, fully utilizing AI's capabilities in these matters is reliant on having a comprehensive and high-quality annotated OBI dataset at hand whereas most existing datasets are only annotated in just a single or a few dimensions, limiting the value of their potential application. For instance, the Oracle-MNIST dataset only offers 30k images classified into 10 categories. Therefore, this paper proposes an Oracle Bone Inscriptions Multi-modal Dataset(OBIMD), which includes annotation information for 10,077 pieces of oracle bones. Each piece has two modalities: pixel-level aligned rubbings and facsimiles. The dataset annotates the detection boxes, character categories, transcriptions, corresponding inscription groups, and reading sequences in the groups of each oracle bone character, providing a comprehensive and high-quality level of annotations. This dataset can be used for a variety of AI-related research tasks relevant to the field of OBI, such as OBI Character Detection and Recognition, Rubbing Denoising, Character Matching, Character Generation, Reading Sequence Prediction, Missing Characters Completion task and so on. We believe that the creation and publication of a dataset like this will help significantly advance the application of AI algorithms in the field of OBI research.

In this paper, we calculate the matrix element and form factors of vector-to-vector ($V'\to V'$) transition within the standard light-front~(SLF) and covariant light-front~(CLF) quark models~(QMs), and investigate the self-consistency and Lorentz covariance of the CLF QM within two types of correspondences between the manifest covariant Bethe-Salpeter approach and the LF approach. The zero-mode and valence contributions to the form factors of $V'\to V'$ transition in the CLF QM and their relation to the SLF results are analyzed, and the main conclusions obtained via the decay constants of vector and axial-vector mesons and form factors of $P\to V$ transition in the previous works are confirmed again. Furthermore, we present our numerical predictions for the form factors of $c\to (q,s)$ ($q=u,d$) induced $D^*\to (K^*\,,\rho)$, $D^*_s\to (\phi\,,K^*)$, $J/\Psi\to (D^*_s\,,D^*)$, $B^*_c\to (B^*_s\,,B^*)$ transitions and $b\to (q,s,c)$ induced $B^*\to (D^*\,,K^*\,,\rho)$, $B^*_s\to (D^*_s\,,\phi\,,K^*)$, $B^*_c\to (J/\Psi\,,D^*_s\,,D^*)$, $\Upsilon(1S)\to (B_c^*\,,B_s^*\,,B^*)$ transitions, which can be applied further to the relevant phenomenological studies of meson decays.

The particles emitted from PBHs through the Hawking radiation have interactions with the particles present in the Universe. Due to the interactions, the evolution of the intergalactic medium (IGM) is changed and the changes have imprints on the anisotropies of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). In this paper, we focus on the PBHs with the lifetime in the range of $10^{13}s \lesssim \tau_{\rm PBH} \lesssim 10^{17}s$, corresponding to the mass range of $2.8\times 10^{13}\mathrm{g} \lesssim M_{\mathrm{PBH}} \lesssim 2.5\times 10^{14}\mathrm{g}$. We update the constraints on the initial mass fraction of PBHs using the Plank-2015 data. We find that the optimistic upper limits are $4\times 10^{-29}\lesssim \beta(M_{\mathrm{PBH}}) \lesssim 5\times 10^{-28}$, depending on the mass of PBH. The formation of PBHs is related to the primordial curvature perturbations. Therefore, using the constraints on the initial mass fraction of PBHs, we get the upper limits on the power spectrum of primordial curvature perturbation. For the investigated mass range of PBHs, corresponding to the range of scales $8.9 \times 10^{15}\ \mathrm{Mpc^{-1}}\lesssim k \lesssim 2.8 \times 10^{16}\ \mathrm{Mpc^{-1}}$, we find that the upper limits change slightly with a value of $\mathcal{P}_\mathcal{R}(k) \sim 0.0045$, and the limits are slightly stronger compared with the previous results.

The observations and research on the neutrinos provide a kind of indirect way of revealing the properties of dark matter particles. For the detection of muon neutrinos, the main issue is the large atmospheric background, which is caused by the interactions between the cosmic rays and atoms within the atmosphere. Compared with muon neutrinos, tau neutrinos have a smaller atmospheric background especially for the downward-going direction. Except for the classical neutrino sources, dark matter particles can also annihilate into the neutrinos and are the potential high energy astrophysical sources. The annihilation rate of dark matter particles is proportional to the square of number density; therefore, the annihilation rate is large near the center of dark matter halos especially for the new kind of dark matter structures named ultracompact dark matter minihalos (UCMHs). In previous works, we have investigated the potential muon neutrino flux from UCMHs due to dark matter annihilation. Moreover, since the formation of UCMHs is related to the primordial density perturbations of small scales, we get the constraints on the amplitude of the primordial curvature perturbations of small scales, $1 \lesssim k \lesssim 10^{7} ~\rm Mpc^{-1}$. In this work, we focus on the downward-going tau neutrinos from UCMHs due to dark matter annihilation. Compared with the background of tau neutrino flux we get the constraints on the mass fraction of UCMHs. Then using the limits on the mass fraction of UCMHs we got the constraints on the amplitude of the primordial curvature perturbations which are extended to the scale $k \sim 10^{8} ~ \rm Mpc^{-1}$ compared with previous results.

Oracle Bone Inscriptions is one of the oldest existing forms of writing in the world. However, due to the great antiquity of the era, a large number of Oracle Bone Inscriptions (OBI) remain undeciphered, making it one of the global challenges in the field of paleography today. This paper introduces a novel approach, namely Puzzle Pieces Picker (P$^3$), to decipher these enigmatic characters through radical reconstruction. We deconstruct OBI into foundational strokes and radicals, then employ a Transformer model to reconstruct them into their modern (conterpart)\textcolor{blue}{counterparts}, offering a groundbreaking solution to ancient script analysis. To further this endeavor, a new Ancient Chinese Character Puzzles (ACCP) dataset was developed, comprising an extensive collection of character images from seven key historical stages, annotated with detailed radical sequences. The experiments have showcased considerable promising insights, underscoring the potential and effectiveness of our approach in deciphering the intricacies of ancient Chinese scripts. Through this novel dataset and methodology, we aim to bridge the gap between traditional philology and modern document analysis techniques, offering new insights into the rich history of Chinese linguistic heritage.

Many inflation theories predict that the primordial power spectrum is scale invariant. The amplitude of the power spectrum can be constrained by different observations such as the cosmic microwave background (CMB), Lyman-$\alpha$, large-scale structures and primordial black holes (PBHs). Although the constraints from the CMB are robust, the corresponding scales are very large ($10^{-4} 1 \mathrm{Mpc^{-1}}$), the research on the PBHs provides much weaker limits. Recently, ultracompact dark matter minihalos (UCMHs) was proposed and it was found that they could be used to constraint the small-scale primordial power spectrum. The limits obtained by the research on the UCMHs are much better than that of PBHs. Most of previous works focus on the dark matter annihilation within the UCMHs, but if the dark matter particles do not annihilate the decay is another important issue. In previous work~\cite{EPL}, we investigated the gamma-ray flux from the UCMHs due to the dark matter decay. In addition to these flux, the neutrinos are usually produced going with the gamma-ray photons especially for the lepton channels. In this work, we studied the neutrino flux from the UCMHs due to the dark matter decay. Finally, we got the constraints on the amplitude of primordial power spectrum of small scales.

The electronic and optical properties of graphene monoxide, a new type of semiconductor materials, are first theoretically studied based on density functional theory. Electronic calculations show that the band gap is 0.952 eV which indicate that graphene monoxide is a direct band gap semiconductor. The density of states of graphene monoxide and the partial density of states for C and O are given to understand the electronic structure. In addition, we calculate the optical properties of graphene monoxide including the complex dielectric function, absorption coefficient, the complex refractive index, loss-function, reflectivity and conductivity. These results provide a physical basis for the potential applications in optoelectronic devices.

Inspired by the newly observed $\Omega_c^0$ states at LHCb, we decode their properties by performing an analysis of mass spectrum and decay behavior. Our studies show that the five narrow states, i.e., $\Omega_c(3000)^0$, $\Omega_c(3050)^0$, $\Omega_c(3066)^0$, $\Omega_c(3090)^0$, and $\Omega_c(3119)^0$, could be grouped into the $1P$ states with negative parity. Among them, the $\Omega_c(3000)^0$ and $\Omega_c(3090)^0$ states could be the $J^P=1/2^-$ candidates, while $\Omega_c(3050)^0$ and $\Omega_c(3119)^0$ are suggested as the $J^P=3/2^-$ states. $\Omega_c(3066)^0$ could be regarded as a $J^P=5/2^-$ state. Since the the spin-parity, the electromagnetic transitions, and the possible hadronic decay channels $\Omega_c^{(\ast)}\pi$ have not been measured yet, other explanations are also probable for these narrow $\Omega_c^0$ states. Additionally, we discuss the possibility of the broad structure $\Omega_c(3188)^0$ as a $2S$ state with $J^P=1/2^+$ or $J^P=3/2^+$. In our scheme, $\Omega_c(3119)^0$ cannot be a $2S$ candidate.

In this review article, we first briefly introduce the transport theory and quantum molecular dynamics model applied in the study of the heavy ion collisions from low to intermediate energies. The developments of improved quantum molecular dynamics model (ImQMD) and ultra-relativistic quantum molecular dynamics model (UrQMD), are reviewed. The reaction mechanism and phenomena related to the fusion, multinucleon transfer, fragmentation, collective flow and particle production are reviewed and discussed within the framework of the two models. The constraints on the isospin asymmetric nuclear equation of state and in-medium nucleon-nucleon cross sections by comparing the heavy ion collision data with transport models calculations in last decades are also discussed, and the uncertainties of these constraints are analyzed as well. Finally, we discuss the future direction of the development of the transport models for improving the understanding of the reaction mechanism, the descriptions of various observables, the constraint on the nuclear equation of state, as well as for the constraint on in-medium nucleon-nucleon cross sections.

Transport simulations are very valuable for extracting physics information from heavy-ion collision experiments. With the emergence of many different transport codes in recent years, it becomes important to estimate their robustness in extracting physics information from experiments. We report on the results of a transport code comparison project. 18 commonly used transport codes were included in this comparison: 9 Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck-type codes and 9 Quantum-Molecular-Dynamics-type codes. These codes have been required to simulate Au+Au collisions using the same physics input for mean fields and for in-medium nucleon-nucleon cross sections, as well as the same initialization set-up, the impact parameter, and other calculational parameters at 100 and 400 AMeV incident energy. Among the codes we compare one-body observables such as rapidity and transverse flow distributions. We also monitor non-observables such as the initialization of the internal states of colliding nuclei and their stability, the collision rates and the Pauli blocking. We find that not completely identical initializations constitute partly for different evolutions. Different strategies to determine the collision probabilities, and to enforce the Pauli blocking, also produce considerably different results. There is a substantial spread in the predictions for the observables, which is much smaller at the higher incident energy. We quantify the uncertainties in the collective flow resulting from the simulation alone as about $30\%$ at 100 AMeV and $13\%$ at 400 AMeV, respectively. We propose further steps within the code comparison project to test the different aspects of transport simulations in a box calculation of infinite nuclear matter. This should, in particular, improve the robustness of transport model predictions at lower incident energies where abundant amounts of data are available.

The study of ancient writings has great value for archaeology and philology. Essential forms of material are photographic characters, but manual photographic character recognition is extremely time-consuming and expertise-dependent. Automatic classification is therefore greatly desired. However, the current performance is limited due to the lack of annotated data. Data generation is an inexpensive but useful solution for data scarcity. Nevertheless, the diverse glyph shapes and complex background textures of photographic ancient characters make the generation task difficult, leading to the unsatisfactory results of existing methods. In this paper, we propose an unsupervised generative adversarial network called AGTGAN. By the explicit global and local glyph shape style modeling followed by the stroke-aware texture transfer, as well as an associate adversarial learning mechanism, our method can generate characters with diverse glyphs and realistic textures. We evaluate our approach on the photographic ancient character datasets, e.g., OBC306 and CSDD. Our method outperforms the state-of-the-art approaches in various metrics and performs much better in terms of the diversity and authenticity of generated samples. With our generated images, experiments on the largest photographic oracle bone character dataset show that our method can achieve a significant increase in classification accuracy, up to 16.34%.

In this work, we study the $B^+\to K^+ E_{\mathrm{miss}}$, $B^0\to K^{*0} E_{\mathrm{miss}}$, and $\Lambda_b^0\to \Lambda^0 E_{\mathrm{miss}}$ decays under three different new physics hypotheses: the heavy new particles, the light neutral vector particles, and the axion-like particles. We find that all three hypotheses can resolve the Belle-II excess, and they can be clearly distinguished by the longitudinal polarization fraction of $K^*$. Furthermore, we discover that the longitudinal polarization fraction of $\Lambda$ can be used to distinguish the chirality of the effective operators.

This paper is concerned with the quasilinear Schrödinger equation \begin{align*} -\Delta u+V(x)u+\frac{k}{2}\Delta(u^2)u=f(u)\quad \text{in}~~\mathbb{R}^N\text{,} \end{align*} where $N\geq 3$, $k>0$, $V\in C(\R)$ is an indefinite potential. Under structural conditions on the potential $V$ and the nonlinearity $f$, we establish the existence of a nontrivial solution through a combination of a local linking argument, Morse theory, and the Moser iteration. Moreover, if $f$ is odd, we obtain an unbounded sequence of nontrivial solutions via the symmetric Mountain Pass Theorem. Additionally, as $k\rightarrow0$, we analyze the concentration behavior of nontrivial solutions.