We generalize the Affleck-Kennedy-Lieb-Tasaki model to a spin-$S$ ferromagnetic model with exactly-written ground states, known as the partially-magnetized valence bond solid (VBS) states with magnetization $m=(S-1)/S$. We find that the VBS state and an antiferromagnetic ground state with magnetization $m=0$ are degenerate for $S=3/2$ and $S=2$ by using the Lanczos method and the density matrix renormalization group method (DMRG). However, increasing $S$, the magnetization of the ground states is uniquely determined as the fraction $m=(S-1)/S$. This is not just a ferromagnet, but a quantum ferromagnet due to quantum entanglement inherent in VBS states. In the low-energy excitation spectrum, we find the coexistence of the Haldane gap and Goldstone-like ferromagnetic magnon excitation. This ``magnetic chimera'' clearly appears under a finite magnetic field. Finally, we discuss an application to the measurement-based quantum computation and an extension of the Haldane's conjecture.

We present limits on sterile neutrino mixing using 4,438 live-days of atmospheric neutrino data from the Super-Kamiokande experiment. We search for fast oscillations driven by an eV$^2$-scale mass splitting and for oscillations into sterile neutrinos instead of tau neutrinos at the atmospheric mass splitting. When performing both these searches we assume that the sterile mass splitting is large, allowing $\sin^2(\Delta m^2 L/4E)$ to be approximated as $0.5$, and we assume that there is no mixing between electron neutrinos and sterile neutrinos ($|U_{e4}|^2 = 0$). No evidence of sterile oscillations is seen and we limit $|U_{\mu4}|^2$ to less than 0.041 and $|U_{\tau4}|^2$ to less than 0.18 for $\Delta m^2 > 0.8$ eV$^2$ at the 90% C.L. in a 3+1 framework. The approximations that can be made with atmospheric neutrinos allow these limits to be easily applied to 3+N models, and we provide our results in a generic format to allow comparisons with other sterile neutrino models.

We present an analysis of rest-frame optical and far-infrared continuum emission in three luminous submillimeter galaxies (SMGs) at $3.0\lesssim z\lesssim4.5$. The SMGs are spatially resolved down to 400-500 pc ($\sim0.05$'') resolution by James Webb Space telescope (JWST) and Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) observations. Despite similarities in their observed far-infrared properties (flux density, infrared luminosity, and effective radius), the three SMGs exhibit heterogeneous morphologies both across wavelengths and among the sources themselves. While two of them (AzTEC-4 and AzTEC-8) show a disk-like structure in optical continuum, AzTEC-1 is dominated by highly concentrated component with the Sérsic index of $n=5.4$, where its far-infrared continuum emission is clumpy and less concentrated. AzTEC-4, which is confirmed to be at $z=4.198$, shows a two-arm spiral of dust, but not in the stellar distribution. These three SMGs exemplify that multiple physical mechanisms exist in triggering starbursts in luminous SMGs at high redshift: secular instability in gas disks (AzTEC-4) in addition to possible minor mergers (AzTEC-8), and a combination of the efficient gas supply to the central core induced by a gas-rich major merger and the reformation of cold gas disk (AzTEC-1).

Functional differentiation in the brain emerges as distinct regions specialize and is key to understanding brain function as a complex system. Previous research has modeled this process using artificial neural networks with specific constraints. Here, we propose a novel approach that induces functional differentiation in recurrent neural networks by minimizing mutual information between neural subgroups via mutual information neural estimation. We apply our method to a 2-bit working memory task and a chaotic signal separation task involving Lorenz and Rössler time series. Analysis of network performance, correlation patterns, and weight matrices reveals that mutual information minimization yields high task performance alongside clear functional modularity and moderate structural modularity. Importantly, our results show that functional differentiation, which is measured through correlation structures, emerges earlier than structural modularity defined by synaptic weights. This suggests that functional specialization precedes and probably drives structural reorganization within developing neural networks. Our findings provide new insights into how information-theoretic principles may govern the emergence of specialized functions and modular structures during artificial and biological brain development.

We report the magnetic properties, electrical resistivity, and Vickers microhardness of as-cast and annealed high-entropy alloys (HEAs) FeCoNiPd and FeCoNiPt with the face-centered cubic structure. The heat treatment at 800 $^{\circ}$C does not largely affect the physical properties in each HEA. The values of the Curie temperature and the saturation moment at 50 K are 955 K and 1.458 $\mu_\mathrm{B}$/f.u. for the annealed FeCoNiPd, and 851 K and 1.456 $\mu_\mathrm{B}$/f.u. for the annealed FeCoNiPt, respectively. Each HEA is a soft ferromagnet and shows metallic resistivity. The electronic structure calculations of both HEAs support the ferromagnetic ground states. The comparisons between experimental and theoretical values are made for the Curie temperature, the saturation moment, and the residual resistivity. The Vickers microhardness of annealed FeCoNiPd and FeCoNiPt are both 188 HV. The hardness vs. valence electron count (VEC) per atom plot of these HEAs does not largely deviate from an expected universal relation forming a broad peak at VEC$\sim$6.8. This study would give some hints on designing a soft ferromagnetic HEA with high hardness.

We present an analysis of the JWST NIRCam and MIRI morphological properties of 80 massive ($\log_{10}(M_\ast[M_{\odot}])$=11.2$\pm$0.1) dusty star-forming galaxies at $z$$=$2.7$^{+1.2}_{-0.7}$, identified as sub-millimetre galaxies (SMGs) by ALMA, that have been observed as part of the JWST PRIMER project. To compare the structure of these massive, active galaxies to more typical less actively star-forming galaxies, we define two comparison samples. The first of 850 field galaxies matched in specific star-formation rate and redshift and the second of 80 field galaxies matched in stellar mass. We identify 20$\pm$5% of the SMGs as candidate late-stage major mergers, a further 40$\pm$10% as potential minor mergers and 40$\pm$10% which have comparatively undisturbed disk-like morphologies, with no obvious massive neighbours. These rates are comparable to those for the field samples and indicate that the majority of the sub-millimetre-detected galaxies are not late-stage major mergers, but have interaction rates similar to the less-active population at $z$$\sim$2-3. We establish that SMGs have comparable near-infrared sizes to the less active populations, but exhibit lower Sérsic indices, consistent with bulge-less disks and have more structured morphologies at 2$\mu$m relative to 4$\mu$m. We find evidence for dust reddening as the origin of the morphological differences between the populations, identifying a strong correlation between the F200W$-$F444W pixel colour and the 870$\mu$m surface brightness. We conclude that SMGs and less active galaxies at the same epochs share a common disk-like structure, but the weaker bulge components of the SMGs results in a lower dynamical stability. Consequently, instabilities triggered either secularly or by minor external perturbations result in higher levels of activity (and dust content) in SMGs compared to typical star-forming galaxies. [Abridged]

We investigate the properties of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) in the brightest submillimeter galaxies (SMGs) in the COSMOS field. We utilize the bright sample of ALMA/SCUBA-2 COSMOS Survey (AS2COSMOS), which consists of 260 SMGs with $S_{\mathrm{870}\, \mu \mathrm{m}}=0.7\text{--}19.2\,\mathrm{mJy}$ at $z=0\text{--}6$. We perform optical to millimeter spectral energy distribution (SED) modeling for the whole sample. We identify 24 AGN-host galaxies from the SEDs. Supplemented by 23 X-ray detected AGNs (X-ray AGNs), we construct an overall sample of 40 AGN-host galaxies. The X-ray luminosity upper bounds indicate that the X-ray undetected SED-identified AGNs are likely to be nearly Compton thick or have unusually suppressed X-ray emission. From visual classification, we identify $25^{+6}_{-5}$\% of the SMGs without AGNs as major merger candidates. This fraction is almost consistent with the general galaxy population at $z\sim2$, suggesting that major mergers are not necessarily required for the enhanced star formation in SMGs. We also identify $47^{+16}_{-15}$\% of the AGN hosts as major merger candidates, which is about twice as high as that in the SMGs without AGNs. This suggests that major mergers play a key role in triggering AGN activity in bright SMGs.

We have searched for proton into muon plus neutral kaon using data from a 91.7 kiloton-year exposure of Super-Kamiokande-I, a 49.2 kiloton-year exposure of Super-Kamiokande-II, and a 31.9 kiloton-year exposure of Super-Kamiokande-III. The number of candidate events in the data was consistent with the atmospheric neutrino background expectation and no evidence for proton decay in this mode was found. We set a partial lifetime lower limit of 1.6x10^33 years at the 90% confidence level.

A new search for the diffuse supernova neutrino background (DSNB) flux has been conducted at Super-Kamiokande (SK), with a $22.5\times2970$-kton$\cdot$day exposure from its fourth operational phase IV. The new analysis improves on the existing background reduction techniques and systematic uncertainties and takes advantage of an improved neutron tagging algorithm to lower the energy threshold compared to the previous phases of SK. This allows for setting the world's most stringent upper limit on the extraterrestrial $\bar{\nu}_e$ flux, for neutrino energies below 31.3 MeV. The SK-IV results are combined with the ones from the first three phases of SK to perform a joint analysis using $22.5\times5823$ kton$\cdot$days of data. This analysis has the world's best sensitivity to the DSNB $\bar{\nu}_e$ flux, comparable to the predictions from various models. For neutrino energies larger than 17.3 MeV, the new combined $90\%$ C.L. upper limits on the DSNB $\bar{\nu}_e$ flux lie around $2.7$ cm$^{-2}$$\cdot$$\text{sec}^{-1}$, strongly disfavoring the most optimistic predictions. Finally, potentialities of the gadolinium phase of SK and the future Hyper-Kamiokande experiment are discussed.

The influence of annealing on the superconducting properties of eutectic high-entropy alloy NbScTiZr was examined by measuring magnetization, electrical resistivity, and zero-field specific heat. Additionally, the extent of lattice strain was assessed via the analysis of lattice parameters and Vickers microhardness. The greatest lattice strain was inferred in the sample annealed at 400 $^{\circ}$C. Field-dependent magnetization datasets indicate enhanced flux pinning in the as-cast, 400 $^{\circ}$C annealed, and 600 $^{\circ}$C annealed samples. The superconducting parameters such as upper critical field, Ginzburg-Landau coherence length, and magnetic penetration depth do not strongly depend on the annealing temperature. However, the Maki parameter shows a peak at 400 $^{\circ}$C annealing temperature and correlates with the magnitude of lattice strain. This suggests that greater lattice strain may enhance the Maki parameter by altering the orbital-limited field through the modification of flux pinning strength. Although the influence of lattice strain is less discernible in zero-field specific heat measurements, the superconducting parameters deduced from specific heat data suggest a potential for strong-coupled superconductivity in samples heat-treated above 600 $^{\circ}$C. Our investigation underscores the substantial impact of lattice strain on the Maki parameter of eutectic HEA superconductors, primarily through the modulation of flux pinning strength.

We study the Hamiltonian formulation of SU(2) Yang-Mills theory with staggered fermions in a (2+1)-dimensional small lattice system. We construct a gauge-invariant and finite-dimensional Hilbert space for the theory by applying the loop-string-hadron formulation and specifically map the model to a spin system. We classically emulate digital quantum simulation and observe the real-time evolution of the single-site entanglement entropy, the fermion entanglement entropy, and the fermion pair production.

We report the magnetic properties, electrical resistivity, and Vickers microhardness of as-cast and annealed high-entropy alloys (HEAs) FeCoNiPd and FeCoNiPt with the face-centered cubic structure. The heat treatment at 800 $^{\circ}$C does not largely affect the physical properties in each HEA. The values of the Curie temperature and the saturation moment at 50 K are 955 K and 1.458 $\mu_\mathrm{B}$/f.u. for the annealed FeCoNiPd, and 851 K and 1.456 $\mu_\mathrm{B}$/f.u. for the annealed FeCoNiPt, respectively. Each HEA is a soft ferromagnet and shows metallic resistivity. The electronic structure calculations of both HEAs support the ferromagnetic ground states. The comparisons between experimental and theoretical values are made for the Curie temperature, the saturation moment, and the residual resistivity. The Vickers microhardness of annealed FeCoNiPd and FeCoNiPt are both 188 HV. The hardness vs. valence electron count (VEC) per atom plot of these HEAs does not largely deviate from an expected universal relation forming a broad peak at VEC$\sim$6.8. This study would give some hints on designing a soft ferromagnetic HEA with high hardness.

In the framework of modular transformations, we reformulate the recently proposed hadron-quark hybrid model when the imaginary baryonic chemical potential is introduced. As a result, we can consider the torus, which is characterized by the complex number densities of baryons (antibaryons) and quarks (antiquarks). We apply this model to analyze the Roberge-Weiss transition. It is shown that the torus vanishes at the baryonic chemical potential where the Roberge-Weiss transition appears because the number density of baryons (antibaryons) is not linearly independent of the number density of quarks (antiquarks). When the temperature T is lower than the Roberge-Weiss transition temperature TRW, the torus shrinks smoothly to the one-dimensional object at the Roberge-Weiss transition point, but the discontinuity does not appear. On the other hand, the discontinuity of the geometrical object appears when T>TRW. We also calculate the modulus of the torus and transform it into the fundamental region. The transformed moduli are symmetric below TRW, but the symmetry is broken above TRW.

The ADF22 line survey reported detections of two high-$z$ line-emitting source candidates above 6-$\sigma$, both of which were shown to be spurious after follow-up observations. We investigate the detectability of far-infrared emitters in ALMA deep fields using mock observations by injecting artificial line-emitting sources into the visibility planes. We also discuss our investigation, conducted together with the ALMA operations team, of a possible technical problem in the original observations. Finally, we devise a method to estimate the [CII] luminosity function (LF) at $z \sim 6$, including a full analysis of signal contamination and sample completeness. The comparison of pixel distributions between the real and mock datacubes does not show significant differences, confirming that the effect of non-Gaussian noise is negligible for the ADF22 datacube. Using 100 blank mock-mosaic datasets, we show 0.43 $\pm$ 0.67 false detections per datacube with the previous source-finding method. We argue that the underestimation of the contamination rate in the previous work is caused by the smaller number of datacubes, using only 4 real ADF22 datacubes. We compare the results of clump-finding between the time division mode and frequency division mode correlator datacubes and confirm that the velocity widths of the clumps in the TDM case are up to 3 times wider than in the FDM case. The LF estimation using our model shows that a correction for the number count is required, up to one order of magnitude, in the luminosity range of $\geq 5 \times 10^8 L_\odot$. Our reconstruction method for the line LF can be applied to future blind line surveys.

We present an analysis of rest-frame optical and far-infrared continuum emission in three luminous submillimeter galaxies (SMGs) at $3.0\lesssim z\lesssim4.5$. The SMGs are spatially resolved down to 400-500 pc ($\sim0.05$'') resolution by James Webb Space telescope (JWST) and Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) observations. Despite similarities in their observed far-infrared properties (flux density, infrared luminosity, and effective radius), the three SMGs exhibit heterogeneous morphologies both across wavelengths and among the sources themselves. While two of them (AzTEC-4 and AzTEC-8) show a disk-like structure in optical continuum, AzTEC-1 is dominated by highly concentrated component with the Sérsic index of $n=5.4$, where its far-infrared continuum emission is clumpy and less concentrated. AzTEC-4, which is confirmed to be at $z=4.198$, shows a two-arm spiral of dust, but not in the stellar distribution. These three SMGs exemplify that multiple physical mechanisms exist in triggering starbursts in luminous SMGs at high redshift: secular instability in gas disks (AzTEC-4) in addition to possible minor mergers (AzTEC-8), and a combination of the efficient gas supply to the central core induced by a gas-rich major merger and the reformation of cold gas disk (AzTEC-1).

The results of the third phase of the Super-Kamiokande solar neutrino measurement are presented and compared to the first and second phase results. With improved detector calibrations, a full detector simulation, and improved analysis methods, the systematic uncertainty on the total neutrino flux is estimated to be ?2.1%, which is about two thirds of the systematic uncertainty for the first phase of Super-Kamiokande. The observed 8B solar flux in the 5.0 to 20 MeV total electron energy region is 2.32+/-0.04 (stat.)+/-0.05 (sys.) *10^6 cm^-2sec^-1, in agreement with previous measurements. A combined oscillation analysis is carried out using SK-I, II, and III data, and the results are also combined with the results of other solar neutrino experiments. The best-fit oscillation parameters are obtained to be sin^2 {\theta}12 = 0.30+0.02-0.01(tan^2 {\theta}12 = 0.42+0.04 -0.02) and {\Delta}m2_21 = 6.2+1.1-1.9 *10^-5eV^2. Combined with KamLAND results, the best-fit oscillation parameters are found to be sin^2 {\theta}12 = 0.31+/-0.01(tan^2 {\theta}12 = 0.44+/-0.03) and {\Delta}m2_21 = 7.6?0.2*10^-5eV^2 . The 8B neutrino flux obtained from global solar neutrino experiments is 5.3+/-0.2(stat.+sys.)*10^6cm^-2s^-1, while the 8B flux becomes 5.1+/-0.1(stat.+sys.)*10^6cm^-2s^-1 by adding KamLAND result. In a three-flavor analysis combining all solar neutrino experiments, the upper limit of sin^2 {\theta}13 is 0.060 at 95% C.L.. After combination with KamLAND results, the upper limit of sin^2 {\theta}13 is found to be 0.059 at 95% C.L..

Cross-project defect prediction (CPDP) aims to use data from external projects as historical data may not be available from the same project. In CPDP, deciding on a particular historical project to build a training model can be difficult. To help with this decision, a Bandit Algorithm (BA) based approach has been proposed in prior research to select the most suitable learning project. However, this BA method could lead to the selection of unsuitable data during the early iteration of BA (i.e., early stage of software testing). Selecting an unsuitable model can reduce the prediction accuracy, leading to potential defect overlooking. This study aims to improve the BA method to reduce defects overlooking, especially during the early testing stages. Once all modules have been tested, modules tested in the early stage are re-predicted, and some modules are retested based on the re-prediction. To assess the impact of re-prediction and retesting, we applied five kinds of BA methods, using 8, 16, and 32 OSS projects as learning data. The results show that the newly proposed approach steadily reduced the probability of defect overlooking without degradation of prediction accuracy.

As a baryon number violating process with $\Delta B=2$, neutron-antineutron oscillation ($n\to\bar n$) provides a unique test of baryon number conservation. We have performed a search for $n\to\bar n$ oscillation with bound neutrons in Super-Kamiokande, with the full data set from its first four run periods, representing an exposure of 0.37~Mton-years. The search used a multivariate analysis trained on simulated $n\to\bar n$ events and atmospheric neutrino backgrounds and resulted in 11 candidate events with an expected background of 9.3 events. In the absence of statistically significant excess, we derived a lower limit on $\bar n$ appearance lifetime in $^{16}$O nuclei of $3.6\times{10}^{32}$ years and on the neutron-antineutron oscillation time of $\tau_{n\to\bar n} > 4.7\times10^{8}$~s at 90\% C.L..

Various software fault prediction models and techniques for building algorithms have been proposed. Many studies have compared and evaluated them to identify the most effective ones. However, in most cases, such models and techniques do not have the best performance on every dataset. This is because there is diversity of software development datasets, and therefore, there is a risk that the selected model or technique shows bad performance on a certain dataset. To avoid selecting a low accuracy model, we apply bandit algorithms to predict faults. Consider a case where player has 100 coins to bet on several slot machines. Ordinary usage of software fault prediction is analogous to the player betting all 100 coins in one slot machine. In contrast, bandit algorithms bet one coin on each machine (i.e., use prediction models) step-by-step to seek the best machine. In the experiment, we developed an artificial dataset that includes 100 modules, 15 of which include faults. Then, we developed various artificial fault prediction models and selected them dynamically using bandit algorithms. The Thomson sampling algorithm showed the best or second-best prediction performance compared with using only one prediction model.

Hill plot is a well-known criterion of the f-electron element interatomic threshold-distance separating the nonmagnetic state from the magnetic one in actinides or lanthanides. We have reinvestigated the Hill plot of Ce compounds using a commercial crystallographic database CRYSTMET, focusing on a relationship between the Ce-Ce distance and the magnetic ordering temperature, because a Ce compound with no other magnetic elements scarcely has a magnetic ordering temperature higher than 20 K. The Hill plot of approximately 730 compounds has revealed that a Ce compound, especially for ferromagnet, showing the high magnetic-ordering-temperature would require a short Ce-Ce distance with a suppression of valence instability of Ce ion. Through the study, we had interest in Ce2AuP3 with the Curie temperature of 31 K. The ferromagnetic nature has been examined by a doping effect, which suggests a possible increase of magnetic anisotropy energy.