It is challenging to build scalable quantum processors capable of both parallel control and local operation. As a promising platform to overcome this challenge, optical lattices offer exceptional parallelism. However, it has been struggling with precise local operations due to relatively narrow lattice spacings. Here, we introduce a new quantum processor incorporating orbit-qubit encoding and internal states (as auxiliary degrees of freedom) to achieve spatially selective operations together with parallel control. With this processor, we generate one-dimensional and two-dimensional cluster states using minimal layers of controlled-Z gates. We experimentally detect the multipartite entanglement of a two-dimensional cluster state involving 123 orbit qubits through direct stabilizer measurements, verifying the full bipartite non-separability. Furthermore, we demonstrate measurement-based quantum computation by implementing single-qubit and two-qubit logical gates, highlighting the flexibility of orbit-qubit operations. Our results establish orbit-qubit optical lattices as a scalable quantum processing architecture, opening new pathways for quantum computation applications.

Assembling increasingly larger-scale defect-free optical tweezer-trapped atom arrays is essential for quantum computation and quantum simulations based on atoms. Here, we propose an AI-enabled, rapid, constant-time-overhead rearrangement protocol, and we experimentally assemble defect-free 2D and 3D atom arrays with up to 2024 atoms with a constant time cost of 60 ms. The AI model calculates the holograms for real-time atom rearrangement. With precise controls over both position and phase, a high-speed spatial light modulator moves all the atoms simultaneously. This protocol can be readily used to generate defect-free arrays of tens of thousands of atoms with current technologies, and become a useful toolbox for quantum error correction.

In the relentless pursuit of quantum computational advantage, we present a significant advancement with the development of Zuchongzhi 3.0. This superconducting quantum computer prototype, comprising 105 qubits, achieves high operational fidelities, with single-qubit gates, two-qubit gates, and readout fidelity at 99.90%, 99.62% and 99.18%, respectively. Our experiments with an 83-qubit, 32-cycle random circuit sampling on Zuchongzhi 3.0 highlight its superior performance, achieving one million samples in just a few hundred seconds. This task is estimated to be infeasible on the most powerful classical supercomputers, Frontier, which would require approximately $6.4\times 10^9$ years to replicate the task. This leap in processing power places the classical simulation cost six orders of magnitude beyond Google's SYC-67 and SYC-70 experiments [Nature 634, 328(2024)], firmly establishing a new benchmark in quantum computational advantage. Our work not only advances the frontiers of quantum computing but also lays the groundwork for a new era where quantum processors play an essential role in tackling sophisticated real-world challenges.

Doubly resonant optical parametric oscillators (OPOs) under continuous wave (CW) pumping are particularly notable for their low threshold and narrow linewidth. Backward OPOs (BOPOs) realized through backward quasi-phase matching which exhibit unique tuning properties compared with conventional forward OPOs have been demonstrated under pulse pumping. In this work, a doubly resonant BOPO was implemented in a semi-monolithic cavity under CW pumping, and its tuning properties were characterized. By tuning the pump wavelength, the forward and backward waves exhibited tuning ranges of 56.85 nm and 0.89 nm, respectively. Adjusting the crystal temperature resulted in tuning ranges of 59.7 GHz and 59.4 GHz for the forward and backward waves, respectively. This research establishes the BOPO as a promising candidate for applications in the field of CW OPOs.

We perform large-scale simulations of the two-dimensional long-range bond percolation model with algebraically decaying percolation probabilities $\sim 1/r^{2+\sigma}$, using both conventional ensemble and event-based ensemble methods for system sizes up to $L=16384$. We accurately determine the critical points, the universal values of several dimensionless quantities, and the corresponding critical exponents. Our results provide compelling evidence that the system undergoes a crossover from short-range to long-range universality at $\sigma = 2$, in contradiction to Sak's criterion. Notably, we observe a pronounced jump in the universal values and critical exponents at $\sigma = 2$, a feature absent from previous studies.

Compared to cryogenically cooled conventional detectors, up-conversion detection enables efficient room-temperature short-wave infrared (SWIR) imaging. Although quasi-phase-matching (QPM) in periodically poled crystals offers advantages, the small crystal aperture (typically 1 mm$\times$3 mm) limits resolution. Non-poled crystals enable larger apertures but suffer walk-off aberrations. This work overcomes these limitations by using a noncritical phase matched (NCPM) KTiOPO$_4$ crystal (6 mm$\times$7 mm aperture, 0.5 mm length). Results show resolutions 6$\times$ and 2$\times$ higher than periodically poled crystals in orthogonal directions, with broad conversion band (1.3-2.2 $\mu$m) covering biological and atmospheric windows. The absence of walk-off ensures better image fidelity in up-conversion process. This study presents the first comprehensive characterization of NCPM-based broadband up-conversion imaging, demonstrating performance at the theoretical resolution limit while circumventing drawbacks inherent in alternative up-conversion schemes and conventional detectors.

We report a systematic uncertainty of $9.2\times 10^{-19}$ for the USTC Sr1 optical lattice clock, achieving accuracy at the level required for the roadmap of the redefinition of the SI second. A finite-element model with {\it in situ}-validated, spatially-resolved chamber emissivity reduced blackbody radiation shift uncertainty to $6.3\times 10^{-19}$. Concurrently, an externally mounted lattice cavity combined with a larger beam waist suppressed density shifts. Enhanced lattice depth modulation consolidated lattice light shift uncertainty to $6.3\times 10^{-19}$ by enabling simultaneous determination of key polarizabilities and magic wavelength. Magnetic shifts were resolved below $10^{-18}$ via precision characterization of the second-order Zeeman coefficient. Supported by a crystalline-coated ultra-low-expansion cavity-stabilized laser and refined temperature control suppressing BBR fluctuations, the clock also achieves a frequency stability better than $1\times10^{-18}$ at 30,000-s averaging time. These developments collectively establish a new benchmark in USTC Sr1 clock performance and pave the way for high-accuracy applications in metrology and fundamental physics.

Electronic and photonic chips revolutionized information technology through massive integration of functional elements, yet phonons as fundamental information carriers in solids remain underestimated. Here, we demonstrate large-scale programmable phononic integrated circuits (PnICs) for complex signal processing. We developed a comprehensive library of gigahertz-frequency phononic building blocks that control acoustic wave propagation, polarization, and dispersion. Combining these elements, we demonstrate an ultra-compact 1$\times$128 on-chip acoustic power splitter with unprecedented integration density of 3,000/cm$^2$, a 21-port acoustic frequency demultiplexer with 3.8~MHz resolution, and a four-channel reconfigurable frequency synthesizer. This work establishes scalable phononic integration as the third pillar of information processing alongside electronics and photonics, enabling hybrid chips that combine all three domains for advanced signal processing and quantum information applications.

String breaking is a fundamental concept in gauge theories, describing the decay of a flux string connecting two charges through the production of particle-antiparticle pairs. This phenomenon is particularly important in particle physics, notably in Quantum Chromodynamics, and plays a crucial role in condensed matter physics. However, achieving a theoretical understanding of this non-perturbative effect is challenging, as conventional numerical approaches often fall short and require substantial computational resources. On the experimental side, studying these effects necessitates advanced setups, such as high-energy colliders, which makes direct observation difficult. Here, we report an experimental investigation of the string breaking mechanism in a one-dimensional U(1) lattice gauge theory using an optical lattice quantum simulator. By deterministically preparing initial states of varying lengths with fixed charges at each end, and adiabatically tuning the mass and string tension, we observed in situ microscopic confined phases that exhibit either string or brokenstring states. Further analysis reveals that string breaking occurs under a resonance condition, leading to the creation of new particle-antiparticle pairs. These findings offer compelling evidence of string breaking and provide valuable insights into the intricate dynamics of lattice gauge theories. Our work underscores the potential of optical lattices as controllable quantum simulators, enabling the exploration of complex gauge theories and their associated phenomena.

Quantum-correlated photon pairs are crucial resources for modern quantum information science. Similarly, the reliable generation of nonclassical phonon pairs is vital for advancing engineerable solid-state quantum devices and hybrid quantum networks based on phonons. Here, we present a novel approach to generate quantum-correlated phonon pairs in a suspended silicon microstructure initialized in its motional ground state. By simultaneously implementing red- and blue-detuned laser pulses, equivalent high-order optomechanical nonlinearity--specifically, an effective optomechanical four-wave mixing process--is achieved for generating a nonclassical phonon pair, which is then read out via a subsequent red-detuned pulse. We demonstrate the nonclassical nature of the generated phonon pair through the violation of the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality. Our experimentally observed phonon pair violates the classical bound by more than 5 standard deviations and maintains a decoherence time of 132 ns. This work reveals novel quantum manipulation of phonon states enabled by equivalent high-order optomechanical nonlinearity within a pulse scheme and provides a valuable quantum resource for mechanical quantum computing.

Symmetry-protected topological (SPT) phases are fundamental features of cluster states, serving as key resources for measurement-based quantum computation (MBQC). Generating large-scale cluster states and verifying their SPT phases are essential steps toward practical MBQC, which however still presents significant experimental challenges. In this work, we address these challenges by utilizing advanced superconducting hardware with optimized gate operations, enhanced readout fidelity, and error mitigation techniques. We successfully generate and verify 95-qubit one-dimensional and 72-qubit two-dimensional genuine entangled cluster states, achieving fidelities of $0.5603 \pm 0.0084$ and $0.5519 \pm 0.0054$, respectively. Leveraging these high-fidelity cluster states, we investigate SPT phases through quantum teleportation across all 95 qubits and demonstrate input-state-dependent robustness against symmetry-breaking perturbations, highlighting the practicality and intrinsic robustness of MBQC enabled by the SPT order. Our results represent a significant advancement in large-scale entanglement generation and topological phase simulation, laying the foundation for scalable and practical MBQC using superconducting quantum systems.

We formulate a path-integral Monte Carlo algorithm for simulating lattice systems consisting of fictitious particles governed by a generalized exchange statistics. This method, initially proposed for continuum systems, introduces a continuous parameter $\xi$ in the partition function that interpolates between bosonic ($\xi = 1$) and fermionic ($\xi = -1$) statistics. We generalize this approach to discrete lattice models and apply it to the two-dimensional Hubbard model of fictitious particles, including the Bose- and Fermi-Hubbard models as special cases. By combining reweighting and $\xi$-extrapolation techniques, we access both half-filled and doped regimes. In particular, we demonstrate that the method remains effective even in strongly correlated, doped systems where the fermion sign problem hinders conventional quantum Monte Carlo approaches. Our results validate the applicability of the fictitious particle framework on lattice models and establish it as a promising tool for sign-problem mitigation in strongly interacting fermionic systems.

Long-range active imaging has widespread applications in remote sensing and target recognition. Single-photon light detection and ranging (lidar) has been shown to have high sensitivity and temporal resolution. On the application front, however, the operating range of practical single-photon lidar systems is limited to about tens of kilometers over the Earth's atmosphere, mainly due to the weak echo signal mixed with high background noise. Here, we present a compact coaxial single-photon lidar system capable of realizing 3D imaging at up to 201.5 km. It is achieved by using high-efficiency optical devices for collection and detection, and what we believe is a new noise-suppression technique that is efficient for long-range applications. We show that photon-efficient computational algorithms enable accurate 3D imaging over hundreds of kilometers with as few as 0.44 signal photons per pixel. The results represent a significant step toward practical, low-power lidar over extra-long ranges.

Quantum frequency conversion (QFC) plays a crucial role in constructing seamless interconnection between quantum systems operating at different wavelengths. To advance future quantum technology, chip-scale integrated QFC components, featuring high efficiency, small footprint, low power consumption and high scalability, are indispensable. In this work, we demonstrate the first hybrid integrated QFC chip on thin film lithium niobate platform that connects the telecom and visible bands. Benefiting from the periodically poled microring resonator with ulta-high normalized conversion efficiency of 386,000 %/W, an ultra-low pump power of 360 {\mu}W is achieved which is more than two orders of magnitude lower than traditional straight waveguide scheme. By injecting current into the chip, an on-chip quantum efficiency of 57% and a noise count of ~ 7k counts per second are achieved. Such an electrically pumped, integrated and scalable QFC chip would significantly advancing the integration of quantum network and the development of chip-scale quantum optical systems.

Long baseline diffraction-limited optical aperture synthesis technology by interferometry plays an important role in scientific study and practical application. In contrast to amplitude (phase) interferometry, intensity interferometry -- which exploits the quantum nature of light to measure the photon bunching effect in thermal light -- is robust against atmospheric turbulence and optical defects. However, a thermal light source typically has a significant divergence angle and a low average photon number per mode, forestalling the applicability over long ranges. Here, we propose and demonstrate active intensity interferometry for super-resolution imaging over the kilometer range. Our scheme exploits phase-independent multiple laser emitters to produce the thermal illumination and uses an elaborate computational algorithm to reconstruct the image. In outdoor environments, we image two-dimension millimeter-level targets over 1.36 kilometers at a resolution of 14 times the diffraction limit of a single telescope. High-resolution optical imaging and sensing are anticipated by applying long-baseline active intensity interferometry in general branches of physics and metrology.

A quantum network provides an infrastructure connecting quantum devices with revolutionary computing, sensing, and communication capabilities. As the best-known application of a quantum network, quantum key distribution (QKD) shares secure keys guaranteed by the laws of quantum mechanics. A quantum satellite constellation offers a solution to facilitate the quantum network on a global scale. The Micius satellite has verified the feasibility of satellite quantum communications, however, scaling up quantum satellite constellations is challenging, requiring small lightweight satellites, portable ground stations and real-time secure key exchange. Here we tackle these challenges and report the development of a quantum microsatellite capable of performing space-to-ground QKD using portable ground stations. The quantum microsatellite features a payload weighing approximately 23 kg, while the portable ground station weighs about 100 kg. These weights represent reductions by more than an order and two orders of magnitude, respectively, compared to the Micius satellite. Additionally, we multiplex bidirectional satellite-ground optical communication with quantum communication, enabling key distillation and secure communication in real-time. Using the microsatellite and the portable ground stations, we demonstrate satellite-based QKD with multiple ground stations and achieve the sharing of up to 0.59 million bits of secure keys during a single satellite pass. The compact quantum payload can be readily assembled on existing space stations or small satellites, paving the way for a satellite-constellation-based quantum and classical network for widespread real-life applications.

In the quest to build general-purpose photonic quantum computers, fusion-based quantum computation has risen to prominence as a promising strategy. This model allows a ballistic construction of large cluster states which are universal for quantum computation, in a scalable and loss-tolerant way without feed-forward, by fusing many small n-photon entangled resource states. However, a key obstacle to this architecture lies in efficiently generating the required essential resource states on photonic chips. One such critical seed state that has not yet been achieved is the heralded three-photon Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (3-GHZ) state. Here, we address this elementary resource gap, by reporting the first experimental realization of a heralded dual-rail encoded 3-GHZ state. Our implementation employs a low-loss and fully programmable photonic chip that manipulates six indistinguishable single photons of wavelengths in the telecommunication regime. Conditional on the heralding detection, we obtain the desired 3-GHZ state with a fidelity 0.573+-0.024. Our work marks an important step for the future fault-tolerant photonic quantum computing, leading to the acceleration of building a large-scale optical quantum computer.

We report on an experimental simulation of the spin-1 Heisenberg model with composite bosons in a one-dimensional chain based on the two-component Bose-Hubbard model. Exploiting our site-and spin-resolved quantum gas microscope, we observed faster superexchange dynamics of the spin-1 system compared to its spin-1/2 counterpart, which is attributed to the enhancement effect of multi-bosons. We further probed the non-equilibrium spin dynamics driven by the superexchange and single-ion anisotropy terms, unveiling the linear expansion of the spin-spin correlations, which is limited by the Lieb-Robinson bound. Based on the superexchange process, we prepared and verified the entangled qutrits pairs with these composite spin-1 bosons, potentially being applied in qutrit-based quantum information processing.

Quantum random number generators (QRNGs) produce true random numbers, which are guaranteed by the fundamental principles of quantum physics. Miniaturization of QRNGs is crucial for a wide range of communication and cryptography applications. Here, we first report a fully functional QRNG chip based on vacuum-state fluctuations, with dimensions of 16.6 mm x 7.8 mm. The quantum entropy source, which is achieved via hybrid photonic integration with a SiO2 waveguide, generates raw quantum random numbers. The hybrid photonic and electrical components are assembled into a compact ceramic package using system-in-package technology. A microcontroller unit acquires the raw data and outputs the processed quantum random numbers via a serial peripheral interface. According to the characterization results, the QRNG chip achieves a constant real-time output rate of 5.2 Mbps across the industrial temperature range of -40°C to 85°C, making it suitable for practical applications.