This contribution provides our comprehensive reflection on the contemporary agent technology, with a particular focus on the advancements driven by Large Language Models (LLM) vs classic Multi-Agent Systems (MAS). It delves into the models, approaches, and characteristics that define these new systems. The paper emphasizes the critical analysis of how the recent developments relate to the foundational MAS, as articulated in the core academic literature. Finally, it identifies key challenges and promising future directions in this rapidly evolving domain.

The HyperScout-H (HS-H) instrument is one of the payloads aboard ESA's Hera spacecraft. Hera is a planetary defence mission that aims to provide a detailed characterization of the near-Earth binary asteroid (65803) Didymos-Dimorphos after the NASA/DART mission impact. HS-H is a versatile dual-use payload, functioning as a hyperspectral imager that captures both images and spectral data within the 0.65--0.95 $\mu$m wavelength range. The observations from this instrument will offer key insights regarding the composition of the two bodies Didymos and Dimorphos, space weathering effects, and the potential presence of exogenous material on these asteroids. Thanks to its wide field of view ($\approx 15.5^\circ \times 8.3^\circ$ in paraxial approximation), HS-H will be able to monitor the system's orbital dynamic and dust environment. At the same time, both components of this binary asteroid remain in the field of view for most of the asteroid phase of the mission. These results also complement the data obtained from other instruments in characterizing the geomorphological units. The data that will be obtained by HS-H will enable the creation of maps highlighting key spectral features, such as taxonomic classification, spectral slope, and band parameters. This article presents the pre-flight calibration of the instrument, outlines the science objectives, and discusses the expected investigations. The instrument's capabilities are demonstrated through laboratory observations of two meteorite samples and a dedicated software toolbox was developed specifically for processing the instrument's data.

The study of resonant oscillation modes in low-mass red giant branch stars enables their ages to be inferred with exceptional ($\sim$10%) precision, unlocking the possibility to reconstruct the temporal evolution of the Milky Way at early cosmic times. Ensuring the accuracy of such a precise age scale is a fundamental yet difficult challenge. Since the age of red giant branch stars primarily hinges on their mass, an independent mass determination for an oscillating red giant star provides the means for such assessment. We analyze the old eclipsing binary KIC10001167, which hosts an oscillating red giant branch star and is a member of the thick disk of the Milky Way. Of the known red giants in eclipsing binaries, this is the only member of the thick disk that has asteroseismic signal of high enough quality to test the seismic mass inference at the 2% level. We measure the binary orbit and obtain fundamental stellar parameters through combined analysis of light curve eclipses and radial velocities, and perform a detailed asteroseismic, photospheric, and Galactic kinematic characterization of the red giant and binary system. We show that the dynamically determined mass $0.9337\pm0.0077 \rm\ M_{\odot}$ (0.8%) of this 10 Gyr-old star agrees within 1.4% with the mass inferred from detailed modelling of individual pulsation mode frequencies (1.6%). This is now the only thick disk stellar system, hosting a red giant, where the mass has been determined both asteroseismically with better than 2% precision, and through a model-independent method at 1% precision, and we hereby affirm the potential of asteroseismology to define an accurate age scale for ancient stars to trace the Milky Way assembly history.

We derive the expression of the reference distribution function for magnetically confined plasmas far from the thermodynamic equilibrium. The local equilibrium state is fixed by imposing the minimum entropy production theorem and the maximum entropy (MaxEnt) principle, subject to scale invariance restrictions. After a short time, the plasma reaches a state close to the local equilibrium. This state is referred to as the reference state. The aim of this letter is to determine the reference distribution function (RDF) when the local equilibrium state is defined by the above mentioned principles. We prove that the RDF is the stationary solution of a generic family of stochastic processes corresponding to an universal Landau-type equation with white parametric noise. As an example of application, we consider a simple, fully ionized, magnetically confined plasmas, with auxiliary Ohmic heating. The free parameters are linked to the transport coefficients of the magnetically confined plasmas, by the kinetic theory.

Many of the current scientific advances in the life sciences have their origin in the intensive use of data for knowledge discovery. In no area this is so clear as in bioinformatics, led by technological breakthroughs in data acquisition technologies. It has been argued that bioinformatics could quickly become the field of research generating the largest data repositories, beating other data-intensive areas such as high-energy physics or astroinformatics. Over the last decade, deep learning has become a disruptive advance in machine learning, giving new live to the long-standing connectionist paradigm in artificial intelligence. Deep learning methods are ideally suited to large-scale data and, therefore, they should be ideally suited to knowledge discovery in bioinformatics and biomedicine at large. In this brief paper, we review key aspects of the application of deep learning in bioinformatics and medicine, drawing from the themes covered by the contributions to an ESANN 2018 special session devoted to this topic.

We study a two-dimensional Kolmogorov system when its two parameters vary in a small neighbourhood of the value $0.$ The local behavior of the system is described in terms of bifurcation diagrams.

Inspired by the forms of delay-Painleve equations, we consider some new differential-discrete systems of KdV, mKdV and Sine-Gordon - type related by simple one way Miura transformations to classical ones. Using Hirota bilinear formalism we construct their new integrable discretizations, some of them having higher order. In particular, by this procedure, we show that the integrable discretization of intermediate sine-Gordon equation is exactly lattice mKdV and also we find a bilinear form of the recently proposed lattice Tzitzeica equation. Also the travelling wave reduction of these new lattice equations is studied and it is shown that all of them, including the higher order ones, can be integrated to Quispel-Roberts-Thomson (QRT) mappings.

The following paper introduces a general linguistic creativity test for humans and Large Language Models (LLMs). The test consists of various tasks aimed at assessing their ability to generate new original words and phrases based on word formation processes (derivation and compounding) and on metaphorical language use. We administered the test to 24 humans and to an equal number of LLMs, and we automatically evaluated their answers using OCSAI tool for three criteria: Originality, Elaboration, and Flexibility. The results show that LLMs not only outperformed humans in all the assessed criteria, but did better in six out of the eight test tasks. We then computed the uniqueness of the individual answers, which showed some minor differences between humans and LLMs. Finally, we performed a short manual analysis of the dataset, which revealed that humans are more inclined towards E(extending)-creativity, while LLMs favor F(ixed)-creativity.

Let $\alpha$ and $\beta$ be two nonnegative integers such that $\beta < \alpha$. For an arbitrary sequence$\{a_n\}_{n\geqslant 1}$ of complex numbers, we consider the generalized Lambert series in order to investigate linear combinations of the form $\sum_{k\geqslant 1} S(\alpha k-\beta,n) a_k$, where $S(k,n)$ is the total number of non-overlined parts equal to $k$ in all the overpartitions of $n$. The general nature of the numbers $a_n$ allows us to provide connections between overpartitions and functions from multiplicative number theory.

Context. Secular resonances can control the dynamical evolution of near-Earth asteroids (NEAs) and, in some cases, lead to increased orbital stability. Asteroid 622577 Miorita (2014 LU14 ) was the first NEA found by the Isaac Newton Telescope (INT) and exhibits unusual dynamical traits although it approaches Venus, Earth, and Mars at relatively close range. Aims. Here, we investigate the orbital context of Miorita and search for possible dynamical analogs within the NEA population. Methods. We studied the orbital evolution of Miorita using direct N-body calculations. We used the NEOMOD 3 orbital distribution model to verify our conclusions. Observational data were obtained with INT's Wide Field Camera. Results. Miorita is subjected to a von Zeipel-Lidov-Kozai secular resonance, but it is also in a near apsidal resonance, both controlled by Jupiter. We identified a group of dynamical analogs of Miorita that includes 387668 (2002 SZ), 2004 US1 , 299582 (2006 GQ2), and 2018 AC4. Miorita-like orbits can evolve into metastable, low-perihelion trajectories driven by apsidal and von Zeipel-Lidov-Kozai secular resonances like those of 504181 (2006 TC) and 482798 (2013 QK48). Objects in such paths may end up drawn into the Sun. Conclusions. Concurrent secular resonances tend to stabilize the orbits of these asteroids as they are protected against collision with Earth and other inner planets by the resonances. This group signals the existence of an active dynamical pathway capable of inserting NEAs in comet-like orbits. NEOMOD 3 gives a low probability for the existence of NEAs like Miorita, 504181 or 482798.

The aim of this paper is to state and prove existence and uniqueness results for a general elliptic problem with homogeneous Neumann boundary conditions, often associated with image processing tasks like denoising. The novelty is that we surpass the lack of coercivity of the Euler-Lagrange functional with an innovative technique that has at its core the idea of showing that the minimum of the energy functional over a subset of the space $W^{1,p(x)}(\Omega)$ coincides with the global minimum. The obtained existence result applies to multiple-phase elliptic problems under remarkably weak assumptions.

In this paper, we study a generalization of the D\'iaz-Saa inequality and its applications to nonlinear elliptic problems. We first present the necessary hypotheses and preliminary results before introducing an improved version of the inequality, which holds in a broader functional setting and allows applications to problems with homogeneous Neumann boundary conditions. The significance of cases where the inequality becomes an equality is also analyzed, leading to uniqueness results for certain classes of partial differential equations. Furthermore, we provide a detailed proof of a uniqueness theorem for strong positive solutions and illustrate our findings with two concrete applications: a multiple-phase problem and an elliptic quasilinear equation relevant to image processing. The paper concludes with possible directions for future research.

In this paper, we investigate the following nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation with Neumann boundary conditions: \begin{equation*} \begin{cases} -\Delta u+ \lambda u= f(u) & {\rm in} \,~ \Omega,\\ \displaystyle\frac{\partial u}{\partial \nu}=0 \, &{\rm on}\,~\partial \Omega \end{cases} \end{equation*} coupled with a constraint condition: \begin{equation*} \int_{\Omega}|u|^2 dx=c, \end{equation*} where $\Omega\subset \mathbb{R}^N(N\ge3)$ denotes a smooth bounded domain, $\nu$ represents the unit outer normal vector to $\partial \Omega$,$c$is a positive constant, and$\lambda$ acts as a Lagrange multiplier. When the nonlinearity $f$ exhibits a general mass supercritical growth at infinity, we establish the existence of normalized solutions, which are not necessarily positive solutions and can be characterized as mountain pass type critical points of the associated constraint functional. Our approach provides a uniform treatment of various nonlinearities, including cases such as $f(u)=|u|^{p-2}u$, $|u|^{q-2}u+ |u|^{p-2}u$, and $-|u|^{q-2}u+|u|^{p-2}u$, where $2

We consider a history-dependent variational inequality (P) which models the frictionless contact between a viscoelastic body and a rigid obstacle covered by a layer of soft material. The inequality is expressed in terms of the displacement field, is governed by the data f (related to the applied body forces and surface tractions) and, under appropriate assumptions, it has a unique solution, denoted by u. Our aim in this paper is to perform a sensitivity analysis of the inequality (P), including the study of the regularity of the solution operator $f \mapsto u$. To this end, we start by proving the equivalence of (P) with a fixed point problem, denoted by (Q). We then consider an associated optimal control problem, for which we present an existence result. Then, we prove the directional differentiability of the solution operator and show that the directional derivative is characterized by a history-dependent variational inequality with time-dependent constraints. Finally, we prove two well-posedness results in the study of problems (P) and (Q), respectively, and compare the two well-posedness concepts employed.

Recent results on the cohomological reformulation of the problem of consistent interactions between gauge fields are illustrated in the case of the Yang-Mills models. By evaluating the local BRST cohomology through descent equation techniques, it is shown (i) that there is a unique local, Poincar\'e invariant cubic vertex for free gauge vector fields which preserves the number of gauge symmetries to first order in the coupling constant; and (ii) that consistency to second order in the coupling constant requires the structure constants appearing in the cubic vertex to fulfill the Jacobi identity. The known uniqueness of the Yang-Mills coupling is therefore rederived through cohomological arguments.

In this study, we introduce LoopDB, which is a challenging loop closure dataset comprising over 1000 images captured across diverse environments, including parks, indoor scenes, parking spaces, as well as centered around individual objects. Each scene is represented by a sequence of five consecutive images. The dataset was collected using a high resolution camera, providing suitable imagery for benchmarking the accuracy of loop closure algorithms, typically used in simultaneous localization and mapping. As ground truth information, we provide computed rotations and translations between each consecutive images. Additional to its benchmarking goal, the dataset can be used to train and fine-tune loop closure methods based on deep neural networks. LoopDB is publicly available at this https URL

The aim of this work is to prove existence and uniqueness results for a doubly nonlinear elliptic problem that is essential for solving the associated parabolic problem using Rothe's method (discretizing time). We work under very weak assumptions, dropping the commonly used condition that the source term is locally Lipschitz, which appears frequently in the literature. Instead, we rely on the continuity of the Nemytskii operator between two Lebesgue spaces with variable exponents. All results presented here are proved in full detail, which makes the article lengthy.

We report medium-resolution $0.85-2.45\,\mu$m spectroscopy obtained in 2015 and 2022 and high resolution $2.27-2.39\,\mu$m and $4.59-4.77\,\mu$m spectroscopy obtained in 2015 of V838 Monocerotis, along with modeling of the $0.85-2.45\,\mu$ spectrum. V838 Mon underwent a series of eruptions and extreme brightenings in 2002, which are thought to have occured as a result of a stellar merger. The new spectra and modelling of them reveal a disturbed red giant photosphere that is probably continuing to contract and ejecta that are cooling and continuing to disperse at velocities up to 200kms$^{-1}$.

In this paper we extend the Smarandache function from the set $N*$ of positive integers to the set $Q$ pf rational numbers. Using the inverse formula, this function is also regarded as a generating function. We put in evidence a procedure to construct a (numerical) function starting from a given function in two particular cases. Also, connections between this function and Euler totient function as well as with Riemann zeta function are established.

Context. Computational astronomy has reached the stage where running a gravitational N-body simulation of a stellar system, such as a Milky Way star cluster, is computationally feasible, but a major limiting factor that remains is the ability to set up physically realistic initial conditions. Aims. We aim to obtain realistic initial conditions for N-body simulations by taking advantage of machine learning, with emphasis on reproducing small-scale interstellar distance distributions. Methods. The computational bottleneck for obtaining such distance distributions is the hydrodynamics of star formation, which ultimately determine the features of the stars, including positions, velocities, and masses. To mitigate this issue, we introduce a new method for sampling physically realistic initial conditions from a limited set of simulations using Gaussian processes. Results. We evaluated the resulting sets of initial conditions based on whether they meet tests for physical realism. We find that direct sampling based on the learned distribution of the star features fails to reproduce binary systems. Consequently, we show that physics-informed sampling algorithms solve this issue, as they are capable of generating realisations closer to reality.