The pursuit of human-level artificial intelligence (AI) has significantly advanced the development of autonomous agents and Large Language Models (LLMs). LLMs are now widely utilized as decision-making agents for their ability to interpret instructions, manage sequential tasks, and adapt through feedback. This review examines recent developments in employing LLMs as autonomous agents and tool users and comprises seven research questions. We only used the papers published between 2023 and 2025 in conferences of the A* and A rank and Q1 journals. A structured analysis of the LLM agents' architectural design principles, dividing their applications into single-agent and multi-agent systems, and strategies for integrating external tools is presented. In addition, the cognitive mechanisms of LLM, including reasoning, planning, and memory, and the impact of prompting methods and fine-tuning procedures on agent performance are also investigated. Furthermore, we evaluated current benchmarks and assessment protocols and have provided an analysis of 68 publicly available datasets to assess the performance of LLM-based agents in various tasks. In conducting this review, we have identified critical findings on verifiable reasoning of LLMs, the capacity for self-improvement, and the personalization of LLM-based agents. Finally, we have discussed ten future research directions to overcome these gaps.

The rise of Large Language Models (LLMs) has redefined Machine Translation (MT), enabling context-aware and fluent translations across hundreds of languages and textual domains. Despite their remarkable capabilities, LLMs often exhibit uneven performance across language families and specialized domains. Moreover, recent evidence reveals that these models can encode and amplify different biases present in their training data, posing serious concerns for fairness, especially in low-resource languages. To address these gaps, we introduce Translation Tangles, a unified framework and dataset for evaluating the translation quality and fairness of open-source LLMs. Our approach benchmarks 24 bidirectional language pairs across multiple domains using different metrics. We further propose a hybrid bias detection pipeline that integrates rule-based heuristics, semantic similarity filtering, and LLM-based validation. We also introduce a high-quality, bias-annotated dataset based on human evaluations of 1,439 translation-reference pairs. The code and dataset are accessible on GitHub: this https URL

Knowledge distillation (KD) has traditionally relied on a static teacher-student framework, where a large, well-trained teacher transfers knowledge to a single student model. However, these approaches often suffer from knowledge degradation, inefficient supervision, and reliance on either a very strong teacher model or large labeled datasets. To address these, we present the first-ever Weakly-supervised Chain-based KD network (WeCKD) that redefines knowledge transfer through a structured sequence of interconnected models. Unlike conventional KD, it forms a progressive distillation chain, where each model not only learns from its predecessor but also refines the knowledge before passing it forward. This structured knowledge transfer further enhances feature learning and addresses the limitations of one-step KD. Each model in the chain is trained on only a fraction of the dataset and shows that effective learning can be achieved with minimal supervision. Extensive evaluation on six imaging datasets across otoscopic, microscopic, and magnetic resonance imaging modalities shows that it generalizes and outperforms existing methods. Furthermore, the proposed distillation chain resulted in cumulative accuracy gains of up to +23% over a single backbone trained on the same limited data, which highlights its potential for real-world adoption.

Current state of the art measures like BLEU, CIDEr, VQA score, SigLIP-2 and CLIPScore are often unable to capture semantic or structural accuracy, especially for domain-specific or context-dependent scenarios. For this, this paper proposes a Physics-Constrained Multimodal Data Evaluation (PCMDE) metric combining large language models with reasoning, knowledge based mapping and vision-language models to overcome these limitations. The architecture is comprised of three main stages: (1) feature extraction of spatial and semantic information with multimodal features through object detection and VLMs; (2) Confidence-Weighted Component Fusion for adaptive component-level validation; and (3) physics-guided reasoning using large language models for structural and relational constraints (e.g., alignment, position, consistency) enforcement.

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) are increasingly used for content moderation, yet their robustness in short-form video contexts remains underexplored. Current safety evaluations often rely on unimodal attacks, failing to address combined attack vulnerabilities. In this paper, we introduce a comprehensive framework for evaluating the tri-modal safety of MLLMs. First, we present the Short-Video Multimodal Adversarial (SVMA) dataset, comprising diverse short-form videos with human-guided synthetic adversarial attacks. Second, we propose ChimeraBreak, a novel tri-modal attack strategy that simultaneously challenges visual, auditory, and semantic reasoning pathways. Extensive experiments on state-of-the-art MLLMs reveal significant vulnerabilities with high Attack Success Rates (ASR). Our findings uncover distinct failure modes, showing model biases toward misclassifying benign or policy-violating content. We assess results using LLM-as-a-judge, demonstrating attack reasoning efficacy. Our dataset and findings provide crucial insights for developing more robust and safe MLLMs.

This paper introduces an advanced AI-driven perception system for autonomous quadcopter navigation in GPS-denied indoor environments. The proposed framework leverages cloud computing to offload computationally intensive tasks and incorporates a custom-designed printed circuit board (PCB) for efficient sensor data acquisition, enabling robust navigation in confined spaces. The system integrates YOLOv11 for object detection, Depth Anything V2 for monocular depth estimation, a PCB equipped with Time-of-Flight (ToF) sensors and an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU), and a cloud-based Large Language Model (LLM) for context-aware decision-making. A virtual safety envelope, enforced by calibrated sensor offsets, ensures collision avoidance, while a multithreaded architecture achieves low-latency processing. Enhanced spatial awareness is facilitated by 3D bounding box estimation with Kalman filtering. Experimental results in an indoor testbed demonstrate strong performance, with object detection achieving a mean Average Precision (mAP50) of 0.6, depth estimation Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 7.2 cm, only 16 safety envelope breaches across 42 trials over approximately 11 minutes, and end-to-end system latency below 1 second. This cloud-supported, high-intelligence framework serves as an auxiliary perception and navigation system, complementing state-of-the-art drone autonomy for GPS-denied confined spaces.

Facial Emotion Recognition (FER) is a key task in affective computing, enabling applications in human-computer interaction, e-learning, healthcare, and safety systems. Despite advances in deep learning, FER remains challenging due to occlusions, illumination and pose variations, subtle intra-class differences, and dataset imbalance that hinders recognition of minority emotions. We present InsideOut, a reproducible FER framework built on EfficientNetV2-S with transfer learning, strong data augmentation, and imbalance-aware optimization. The approach standardizes FER2013 images, applies stratified splitting and augmentation, and fine-tunes a lightweight classification head with class-weighted loss to address skewed distributions. InsideOut achieves 62.8% accuracy with a macro averaged F1 of 0.590 on FER2013, showing competitive results compared to conventional CNN baselines. The novelty lies in demonstrating that efficient architectures, combined with tailored imbalance handling, can provide practical, transparent, and reproducible FER solutions.

The increasing use of synthetic media, particularly deepfakes, is an emerging challenge for digital content verification. Although recent studies use both audio and visual information, most integrate these cues within a single model, which remains vulnerable to modality mismatches, noise, and manipulation. To address this gap, we propose DeepAgent, an advanced multi-agent collaboration framework that simultaneously incorporates both visual and audio modalities for the effective detection of deepfakes. DeepAgent consists of two complementary agents. Agent-1 examines each video with a streamlined AlexNet-based CNN to identify the symbols of deepfake manipulation, while Agent-2 detects audio-visual inconsistencies by combining acoustic features, audio transcriptions from Whisper, and frame-reading sequences of images through EasyOCR. Their decisions are fused through a Random Forest meta-classifier that improves final performance by taking advantage of the different decision boundaries learned by each agent. This study evaluates the proposed framework using three benchmark datasets to demonstrate both component-level and fused performance. Agent-1 achieves a test accuracy of 94.35% on the combined Celeb-DF and FakeAVCeleb datasets. On the FakeAVCeleb dataset, Agent-2 and the final meta-classifier attain accuracies of 93.69% and 81.56%, respectively. In addition, cross-dataset validation on DeepFakeTIMIT confirms the robustness of the meta-classifier, which achieves a final accuracy of 97.49%, and indicates a strong capability across diverse datasets. These findings confirm that hierarchy-based fusion enhances robustness by mitigating the weaknesses of individual modalities and demonstrate the effectiveness of a multi-agent approach in addressing diverse types of manipulations in deepfakes.

Segmenting polyps in colonoscopy images is essential for the early identification and diagnosis of colorectal cancer, a significant cause of worldwide cancer deaths. Prior deep learning based models such as Attention based variation, UNet variations and Transformer-derived networks have had notable success in capturing intricate features and complex polyp shapes. In this study, we have introduced the DeepLabv3++ model which is an enhanced version of the DeepLabv3+ architecture. It is designed to improve the precision and robustness of polyp segmentation in colonoscopy images. We have utilized The proposed model incorporates diverse separable convolutional layers and attention mechanisms within the MSPP block, enhancing its capacity to capture multi-scale and directional features. Additionally, the redesigned decoder further transforms the extracted features from the encoder into a more meaningful segmentation map. Our model was evaluated on three public datasets (CVC-ColonDB, CVC-ClinicDB, Kvasir-SEG) achieving Dice coefficient scores of 96.20%, 96.54%, and 96.08%, respectively. The experimental analysis shows that DeepLabV3++ outperforms several state-of-the-art models in polyp segmentation tasks. Furthermore, compared to the baseline DeepLabV3+ model, our DeepLabV3++ with its MSPP module and redesigned decoder architecture, significantly reduced segmentation errors (e.g., false positives/negatives) across small, medium, and large polyps. This improvement in polyp delineation is crucial for accurate clinical decision-making in colonoscopy.

Immediate damage assessment is essential after natural catastrophes; yet, conventional hand evaluation techniques are sluggish and perilous. Although satellite and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photos offer extensive perspectives of impacted regions, current computer vision methodologies generally yield just classification labels or segmentation masks, so constraining their capacity to deliver a thorough situational comprehension. We introduce the Vision Language Caption Enhancer (VLCE), a multimodal system designed to produce comprehensive, contextually-informed explanations of disaster imagery. VLCE employs a dual-architecture approach: a CNN-LSTM model with a ResNet50 backbone pretrained on EuroSat satellite imagery for the xBD dataset, and a Vision Transformer (ViT) model pretrained on UAV pictures for the RescueNet dataset. Both systems utilize external semantic knowledge from ConceptNet and WordNet to expand vocabulary coverage and improve description accuracy. We assess VLCE in comparison to leading vision-language models (LLaVA and QwenVL) utilizing CLIPScore for semantic alignment and InfoMetIC for caption informativeness. Experimental findings indicate that VLCE markedly surpasses baseline models, attaining a maximum of 95.33% on InfoMetIC while preserving competitive semantic alignment. Our dual-architecture system demonstrates significant potential for improving disaster damage assessment by automating the production of actionable, information-dense descriptions from satellite and drone photos.

Recent advances in Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) have demonstrated their capability for producing high-quality images. However, a significant challenge remains mode collapse, which occurs when the generator produces a limited number of data patterns that do not reflect the diversity of the training dataset. This study addresses this issue by proposing a number of architectural changes aimed at increasing the diversity and stability of GAN models. We start by improving the loss function with Wasserstein loss and Gradient Penalty to better capture the full range of data variations. We also investigate various network architectures and conclude that ResNet significantly contributes to increased diversity. Building on these findings, we introduce HingeRLC-GAN, a novel approach that combines RLC Regularization and the Hinge loss function. With a FID Score of 18 and a KID Score of 0.001, our approach outperforms existing methods by effectively balancing training stability and increased diversity.

Accurate land cover classification from satellite imagery is crucial in environmental monitoring and sustainable resource management. However, it remains challenging due to the complexity of natural landscapes, the visual similarity between classes, and the significant class imbalance in the available datasets. To address these issues, we propose a dual encoder architecture that independently extracts modality-specific features from optical and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery, which are then fused using a cross-modality attention-fusion module named Cross-modality Land cover segmentation with Attention and Imbalance- aware Reasoning-Enhanced Explanations (CLAIRE). This fusion mechanism highlights complementary spatial and textural features, enabling the network to better capture detailed and diverse land cover patterns. We incorporate a hybrid loss function that utilizes Weighted Focal Loss and Tversky Loss named RIFT (Rare-Instance Focal-Tversky) to address class imbalance and improve segmentation performance across underrepresented categories. Our model achieves competitive performance across multiple benchmarks: a mean Intersection over Union (mIoU) of 56.02% and Overall Accuracy (OA) of 84.56% on the WHU-OPT-SAR dataset; strong generalization with a mIoU of 59.89% and OA of 73.92% on the OpenEarthMap-SAR dataset; and remarkable robustness under cloud-obstructed conditions, achieving an mIoU of 86.86% and OA of 94.58% on the PIE-RGB-SAR dataset. Additionally, we introduce a metric-driven reasoning module generated by a Small Language Model (Phi-3), which generates expert-level, sample-specific justifications for model predictions, thereby enhancing transparency and interpretability.

This work presents the BanglishRev Dataset, the largest e-commerce product review dataset to date for reviews written in Bengali, English, a mixture of both and Banglish, Bengali words written with English alphabets. The dataset comprises of 1.74 million written reviews from 3.2 million ratings information collected from a total of 128k products being sold in online e-commerce platforms targeting the Bengali population. It includes an extensive array of related metadata for each of the reviews including the rating given by the reviewer, date the review was posted and date of purchase, number of likes, dislikes, response from the seller, images associated with the review etc. With sentiment analysis being the most prominent usage of review datasets, experimentation with a binary sentiment analysis model with the review rating serving as an indicator of positive or negative sentiment was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the large amount of data presented in BanglishRev for sentiment analysis tasks. A BanglishBERT model is trained on the data from BanglishRev with reviews being considered labeled positive if the rating is greater than 3 and negative if the rating is less than or equal to 3. The model is evaluated by being testing against a previously published manually annotated dataset for e-commerce reviews written in a mixture of Bangla, English and Banglish. The experimental model achieved an exceptional accuracy of 94\% and F1 score of 0.94, demonstrating the dataset's efficacy for sentiment analysis. Some of the intriguing patterns and observations seen within the dataset and future research directions where the dataset can be utilized is also discussed and explored. The dataset can be accessed through this https URL.

Academic credential fraud threatens educational integrity, especially in developing countries like Bangladesh, where verification methods are primarily manual and inefficient. To address this challenge, we present ShikkhaChain, a blockchain-powered certificate management platform designed to securely issue, verify, and revoke academic credentials in a decentralized and tamper-proof manner. Built on Ethereum smart contracts and utilizing IPFS for off-chain storage, the platform offers a transparent, scalable solution accessible through a React-based DApp with MetaMask integration. ShikkhaChain enables role-based access for governments, regulators, institutions, and public verifiers, allowing QR-based validation and on-chain revocation tracking. Our prototype demonstrates enhanced trust, reduced verification time, and improved international credibility for Bangladeshi degrees, promoting a more reliable academic and employment ecosystem.

In this paper, we propose a novel contrastive learning based deep learning framework for patient similarity search using physiological signals. We use a contrastive learning based approach to learn similar embeddings of patients with similar physiological signal data. We also introduce a number of neighbor selection algorithms to determine the patients with the highest similarity on the generated embeddings. To validate the effectiveness of our framework for measuring patient similarity, we select the detection of Atrial Fibrillation (AF) through photoplethysmography (PPG) signals obtained from smartwatch devices as our case study. We present extensive experimentation of our framework on a dataset of over 170 individuals and compare the performance of our framework with other baseline methods on this dataset.

Speech emotion recognition (SER) is crucial for enhancing affective computing and enriching the domain of human-computer interaction. However, the main challenge in SER lies in selecting relevant feature representations from speech signals with lower computational costs. In this paper, we propose a lightweight SER architecture that integrates attention-based local feature blocks (ALFBs) to capture high-level relevant feature vectors from speech signals. We also incorporate a global feature block (GFB) technique to capture sequential, global information and long-term dependencies in speech signals. By aggregating attention-based local and global contextual feature vectors, our model effectively captures the internal correlation between salient features that reflect complex human emotional cues. To evaluate our approach, we extracted four types of spectral features from speech audio samples: mel-frequency cepstral coefficients, mel-spectrogram, root mean square value, and zero-crossing rate. Through a 5-fold cross-validation strategy, we tested the proposed method on five multi-lingual standard benchmark datasets: TESS, RAVDESS, BanglaSER, SUBESCO, and Emo-DB, and obtained a mean accuracy of 99.65%, 94.88%, 98.12%, 97.94%, and 97.19% respectively. The results indicate that our model achieves state-of-the-art (SOTA) performance compared to most existing methods.

In this paper, we present an integrated approach to real-time mosquito detection using our multiclass dataset (MosquitoFusion) containing 1204 diverse images and leverage cutting-edge technologies, specifically computer vision, to automate the identification of Mosquitoes, Swarms, and Breeding Sites. The pre-trained YOLOv8 model, trained on this dataset, achieved a mean Average Precision (mAP@50) of 57.1%, with precision at 73.4% and recall at 50.5%. The integration of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) further enriches the depth of our analysis, providing valuable insights into spatial patterns. The dataset and code are available at this https URL.